탈무드에 대해 질문받은 종교적 유대인들- YouTube

Religious Jews are asked about the Talmud - YouTube

Religious Jews are asked about the Talmud

Corey Gil-Shuster

2,019,292 views  Nov 22, 2015

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영상 <탈무드에 대해 질문받은 종교적 유대인들>(Religious Jews are asked about the Talmud)의 녹취록에 대한 요약과 평론입니다.

<요약>

본 영상은 진행자 코리 길-슈스터(Corey Gil-Shuster)가 서안지구 정착촌과 예루살렘의 정통파 유대인들에게 인터넷 등에 유포된 탈무드의 반(反)이방인 구절에 대해 묻고 답을 듣는 인터뷰 기록이다. 질문은 주로 '비유대인은 인간이 아닌 짐승인가', '이방인을 속이거나 죽여도 되는가', '비유대인의 영혼은 불결한가'와 같은 극단적인 주장들에 집중된다.

정착촌의 종교적 시온주의자들은 살인이나 사기 허용 설에 대해 "말도 안 되는 소리"라 일축하며, 성경과 유대법은 모든 인간에 대한 도덕성과 정직을 엄격히 명령한다고 반박한다. '아쿠밈(Akumim)'은 별과 별자리를 섬기는 우상숭배자를 가리키는 약어일 뿐 현대의 기독교인이나 무슬림과는 무관하다고 설명한다. 탈무드 구절 중 "너희는 사람이라 불리나 비유대인은 사람이 아니다"라는 표현에 대해서는 인류 전체의 생물학적 배제가 아니라, 신의 형상과 계명을 실천해야 하는 이스라엘 민족의 영적 소명과 역할을 뜻하는 맥락이라고 해명한다.

반면 예루살렘의 초정통파(하레디) 구역 인터뷰에서는 보다 극단적인 민족주의적 종교관이 드러난다. 일부 인물은 신의 형상을 따르는 도덕적 통제력을 근거로 들며 비유대인을 '짐승'이나 '신이 유대인을 섬기도록 창조한 존재'로 묘사하고, 메시아 시대에 이방인이 유대인의 노예가 될 것이라는 주장을 가감 없이 펼친다. 그러면서도 살인이나 사기에 대해서는 유대법상 명백한 금기이자 죄악임을 분명히 하며 전면 부인한다.

<평론>

텍스트를 맥락 없이 문자 그대로 떼어내 혐오를 생산하는 외부의 시선과, 배타적 선민의식에 갇혀 외부 세계를 타자화하는 내부의 시선이 어떻게 충돌하는지 생생하게 드러낸다.

영상 전반부의 종교적 시온주의자들은 탈무드의 문헌학적 맥락과 율법의 보편 도덕을 강조하며 변증을 시도한다. 탈무드는 단일한 교리집이 아니라 수세기에 걸친 논쟁과 비유, 과장법이 혼재된 토론 기록이기에 파편화된 인용구는 본래 의미를 심각하게 왜곡한다는 점을 짚는다. 이들은 유대교의 핵심 가치가 정직과 생명 존중에 있음을 분명히 밝히며 외부의 악의적 프레임에 방어선을 친다.

그러나 후반부 하레디 집단과의 대화는 유대교 내부의 심각한 맹점을 숨김없이 노출한다. 외부 세계와 단절된 채 살아가는 이들은 비유대인을 개인으로 접해본 적이 없다고 인정하면서도, 신문이나 편견에 기대어 비유대인을 도덕 통제력이 결여된 존재나 종속적 도구로 규정한다. 메시아 시대의 노예 담론이나 '신을 믿지 않으면 아무것도 아니다'라는 독선은, 박해의 역사 속에서 형성된 방어적 배타주의가 게토화된 종교 공동체 안에서 얼마나 폭력적인 우월주의로 고착되었는지를 보여준다.

결국 이 인터뷰는 반유대주의적 선동이 사용하는 악마화 기제와, 근본주의 종교 집단이 품고 있는 배타적 선민의식이라는 양극단의 민낯을 동시에 포착한다. 복잡한 고대 텍스트를 현대적 혐오의 도구로 악용하는 것도 경계해야 하지만, 거룩함과 선민의 이름을 빌려 타민족의 인격을 격하시키는 종교적 오만 또한 비판을 피하기 어렵다는 점을 날카롭게 증명한다.

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<Religious Jews are asked about the Talmud> 요약·평론

코리 길-슈스터(Corey Gil-Shuster), 2015

이 자료는 이스라엘에서 활동하는 인터뷰어 코리 길-슈스터가 여러 종교적 유대인들에게 “탈무드에는 비유대인을 인간으로 보지 않는다거나, 비유대인을 속이거나 죽여도 된다는 말이 실제로 있는가?”라고 묻는 약 26분짜리 거리 인터뷰의 대본이다. 인터뷰 장소와 대상도 다양하다. 서안 정착촌 테코아, 바트 아인, 키리야트 아르바의 종교적 시온주의자들뿐 아니라 예루살렘의 하레디·하시딕 반시온주의자까지 등장한다.

이 영상에서 가장 중요한 것은 “탈무드가 실제로 무엇을 말하는가”에 대한 학술적 해설이라기보다, <오늘날 종교적 유대인들이 반유대주의적 인터넷 담론에서 흔히 인용되는 탈무드 문구들을 어떻게 이해하고 반응하는가>를 보여준다는 점이다.

1. 인터뷰어가 던지는 질문들

길-슈스터가 제시하는 문구들은 대체로 다음과 같은 주장들이다.

• “유대인은 인간이지만 비유대인은 인간이 아니다.”
• “비유대인은 짐승이다.”
• “비유대인의 영혼은 불결하다.”
• “비유대인은 개나 돼지와 같다.”
• “비유대인과 함께 식사해서는 안 된다.”
• “비유대인을 죽여도 된다.”
• “비유대인을 속여도 된다.”
• “메시아 시대에는 비유대인이 유대인을 섬기게 된다.”

문제는 인터뷰어 자신도 이 문구들의 정확한 히브리어·아람어 원문과 탈무드의 권·장·문맥을 대부분 제시하지 못한다는 것이다. 인터뷰 대상자들이 “어디에 쓰여 있느냐?”, “원문을 보여 달라”고 요구하면 그는 흔히 “누군가 보내준 문구”라고 답한다. 따라서 이 영상은 처음부터 <탈무드 텍스트 검증>을 위한 자료로는 한계가 크다.

그러나 바로 그 점 때문에 오히려 흥미롭다. 질문의 진위보다 각 사람이 그 질문을 받았을 때 어떤 세계관을 드러내는지가 영상의 핵심이 된다.

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2. 가장 흔한 반응: “그런 말은 들어본 적이 없다”

여러 정통파 유대인들은 “비유대인을 죽여도 된다”, “속여도 된다”, “비유대인은 돼지나 개다”라는 주장에 즉각적으로 “말도 안 된다(nonsense)”, “거짓말이다”, “들어본 적 없다”고 답한다.

특히 한 응답자는 비유대인을 죽이는 것은 금지되어 있으며, 비유대인을 속이는 것도 죄라고 단언한다. 심지어 상대방이 돈을 잘못 계산하여 100을 주었는데 80만 받아야 했다면 20을 돌려주어야 한다는 것까지 유대법에 명시되어 있다고 설명한다.

이 부분은 영상의 매우 중요한 대목이다. 인터넷에서 유통되는 “탈무드는 이방인을 속이고 죽이라고 가르친다”라는 단순한 명제를 실제 종교적 유대인 다수가 자신의 종교 이해와 전혀 맞지 않는 것으로 인식하고 있음을 보여주기 때문이다.

그들은 또한 <akum>이라는 단어도 설명한다. 이는 단순히 “비유대인 전체”가 아니라 우상숭배자와 관련된 표현이며, 오늘날의 모든 기독교인이나 무슬림을 기계적으로 가리키는 말이 아니라는 취지의 설명이 나온다.

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3. 그러나 더 불편한 답변도 나온다

이 영상이 단순한 “탈무드에 대한 오해 해명” 영상으로 끝나지 않는 이유가 여기에 있다.

일부 종교적 시온주의자들은 “유대인은 인간이고 비유대인은 인간이 아니다”라는 표현을 완전히 부정하지 않는다. 대신 여기에서 <human, adam>이라는 말이 일상적인 생물학적 인간을 의미하는 것이 아니라 특별한 종교적·영적 범주를 의미한다고 설명한다.

한 응답자는 “이스라엘 민족의 영혼은 비유대인의 영혼보다 한 단계 높다”고 말한다. 또 이스라엘 민족을 하나님이 세계에 거룩함을 가져오기 위해 선택한 민족이라고 설명한다. 유대인이 먼저 자신의 소명을 깨닫고, 이스라엘 땅과 성전에서 온전한 삶을 회복하면 그 거룩함이 전 세계로 확산된다는 구속사적 세계관이다.

여기에는 분명히 <선민사상>이 있다.

그렇다고 곧바로 “비유대인은 사람이 아니다”라고 번역할 수 있는 것은 아니다. 응답자는 “인간”이라는 말을 하나님의 형상, 도덕적 자기통제, 신적 사명을 수행하는 존재라는 특수한 의미로 재정의하려 한다.

문제는 이러한 신학적 설명이 쉽게 계층적 인간관으로 이동할 수 있다는 것이다.

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4. 영상에서 가장 충격적인 대목

한 젊은 종교인은 훨씬 더 노골적으로 말한다.

그는 비유대인들이 결국 유대인을 섬기게 될 것이라고 말하고, 메시아 시대에는 한 유대인에게 수많은 종들이 있을 것이라는 식의 설명까지 한다. 자동차와 건물을 만드는 비유대인들도 사실상 유대인을 위해 일하고 있다는 식으로 현실을 해석한다.

더 놀라운 것은 인터뷰어가 “비유대인을 실제로 얼마나 알고 있느냐”고 묻자 그가 사실상 “개인적으로 아는 비유대인은 없다. 알고 싶지도 않다”고 대답한다는 점이다.

여기에서 매우 중요한 사회학적 현상이 드러난다.

그의 비유대인 이해는 <실제 비유대인과의 인간관계>에서 나온 것이 아니라 공동체 내부의 이야기와 종교적 관념을 통해 형성되어 있다.

그는 신문을 통해 비유대인들이 부모를 죽이고 폭력적으로 행동한다는 이야기를 접한다고 말한다. 다시 말하면,

<타자와 실제로 만나지 않으면서 타자에 대한 강력한 관념을 가지고 있다.>

이것은 유대교에만 특유한 현상이 아니다. 종교적·민족적 폐쇄 공동체에서 흔히 발생할 수 있는 구조다.

접촉이 줄어들수록 타자는 사람이 아니라 범주가 된다.

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5. 하레디·하시딕 유대인들의 반응은 오히려 복잡하다

영상 후반부에서 길-슈스터는 예루살렘의 매우 보수적인 하레디·하시딕 공동체를 찾아간다. 흥미롭게도 이들은 종교적 시온주의 정착민들보다 오히려 인터넷에서 유통되는 극단적 문구들을 더 적극적으로 부정하는 경우가 많다.

“비유대인은 동물이다.”

“그런 말은 없다.”

“비유대인을 죽여도 된다.”

“완전히 거짓말이다.”

“비유대인을 속여도 된다.”

“금지되어 있다.”

그러나 동시에 이들도 유대인과 비유대인 사이의 사회적 거리를 유지하는 규범은 인정한다.

예를 들어 비유대인과의 식사 문제에 대해 한 응답자는 처음에는 금지라고 말했다가, 자세히 묻자 음식의 카슈루트 문제와 결혼·동화 문제를 설명한다. 비유대인을 집에 초대하고 친밀해지는 것을 경계하는 이유 역시 단순한 혐오라기보다 결국 통혼(intermarriage)을 막는 공동체 경계 유지와 관련되어 있다는 설명이다.

이 차이는 중요하다.

<비유대인과 사회적·종교적 경계를 유지한다>와
<비유대인을 인간 이하로 취급한다>

는 같은 주장이 아니다.

영상은 두 가지를 일부러 계속 충돌시킨다.

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평론

6. 이 영상의 가장 큰 장점: “유대교에는 하나의 답이 없다”

이 영상을 보고 가장 먼저 버려야 할 생각은

<“유대교는 비유대인에 관하여 이렇게 생각한다”>

라는 단수형 문장이다.

불과 26분 안에서도 완전히 다른 유대교가 등장한다.

어떤 사람은 문제의 문구 자체를 모른다.

어떤 사람은 거짓이라고 한다.

어떤 사람은 고대 우상숭배자에 관한 규정이라고 설명한다.

어떤 사람은 <adam>이라는 용어의 신학적 의미를 구별한다.

어떤 사람은 유대인의 영혼이 더 높은 수준이라고 인정한다.

그리고 극단적인 사람은 비유대인이 결국 유대인을 섬기는 것이 세계의 질서라고까지 주장한다.

따라서 이 영상은 역설적으로

<“The Jews believe…”>

라는 식의 일반화가 얼마나 위험한가를 보여준다.

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7. 동시에 “극단주의자는 존재한다”는 사실도 감추지 않는다

첫 번째 응답자 중 한 명은 인터뷰 초반에 흥미로운 말을 한다.

“어떤 집단에서든 극단주의자를 찾으려고 하면 찾을 수 있다.”

이 말은 이 영상 전체를 이해하는 열쇠라고 생각한다.

“유대교에는 그런 사상이 전혀 없다”고 말하는 것도 지나친 방어다.

반대로 특정 정착민 한 사람의 극단적인 말을 가지고

“이것이 탈무드이고 이것이 유대교다”

라고 결론짓는 것도 잘못이다.

실제로 영상은 양쪽을 모두 보여준다.

<극단적 민족·종교 우월주의는 존재한다. 그러나 그것이 곧 유대교 전체는 아니다.>

---

8. 가장 큰 약점: 탈무드 검증 영상이 아니라 거리 인터뷰다

제목만 보면 시청자는 “탈무드에 정말 이런 말이 있는지 확인하는 영상”이라고 생각하기 쉽다.

그러나 이 영상만 가지고는 그 문제에 답할 수 없다.

인터뷰어가 정확한 탈무드 원문을 거의 가지고 있지 않기 때문이다. 응답자들도 대부분 탈무드 전문가가 아니다. 심지어 “나는 모른다”, “들어본 적 없다”고 여러 번 말한다.

따라서 이 영상에서

“종교적 유대인이 그런 말을 부정했다 → 탈무드에는 없다”

라고 결론지어서도 안 되고,

“한 종교적 유대인이 그런 사상을 인정했다 → 탈무드가 그렇게 가르친다”

라고 결론지어서도 안 된다.

둘 다 논리적 비약이다.

실제 판정에는 문구별로

<원문 → 정확한 출전 → 앞뒤 문맥 → 당시 법적 범주 → 중세 주석 → 현대 할라카>

까지 추적해야 한다.

---

9. 그래도 이 영상이 중요한 이유

나는 이 영상의 진정한 가치는 탈무드가 아니라 <경계(boundary)>에 있다고 본다.

유대인/비유대인, 인간/비인간, 선택받은 민족/다른 민족, 신자/불신자, 공동체 내부/외부의 경계를 사람들이 어떻게 만든다는 문제다.

그리고 영상에서 가장 불편하지만 사회학적으로 중요한 순간은 극단적 발언 그 자체보다도 한 응답자가

“비유대인을 개인적으로 아는 사람이 없다”

고 인정하는 순간이다.

이것은 매우 보편적인 인간 문제다.

기독교인이 무슬림을 실제로 만나지 않고 이슬람을 규정하고, 무슬림이 유대인을 만나지 않고 유대인을 규정하며, 한국인이 일본인을 개인적으로 모르면서 일본인을 하나의 집단으로 상상하는 순간에도 같은 메커니즘이 작동할 수 있다.

<인간적 접촉이 없는 곳에서 ‘타자’는 교리나 신화의 대상이 되기 쉽다.>

그 점에서 이 영상은 유대교에 관한 영상이면서 동시에 종교적 배타주의 일반에 관한 작은 사회학적 실험처럼 보인다.

---

종합평가

<Religious Jews are asked about the Talmud>는 “탈무드가 비유대인을 어떻게 규정하는가”에 대한 신뢰할 만한 문헌 연구는 아니다. 그런 목적으로 보면 상당히 부정확한 자료다.

그러나 <종교적 유대인들이 자신들에게 제기되는 가장 공격적인 질문에 어떻게 반응하는가>를 보여주는 자료로 보면 대단히 흥미롭다.

무엇보다 이 영상은 두 가지 사실을 동시에 보여준다.

첫째, 인터넷에서 떠도는 “탈무드는 비유대인을 동물로 보고 죽이거나 속여도 된다고 한다”는 식의 문구 상당수를 실제 정통파 유대인들은 자신들의 종교와 관계없는 왜곡이나 거짓으로 인식한다.

둘째, 그렇다고 유대교 내부에 유대인의 특별한 영적 지위, 선민성, 비유대인과의 위계적 관계를 매우 강하게 해석하는 흐름이 존재하지 않는 것도 아니다. 특히 영상에 등장한 일부 종교적 민족주의자는 그러한 세계관을 놀랄 만큼 노골적으로 표현한다.

따라서 가장 적절한 결론은

<“탈무드는 비유대인을 인간으로 인정하지 않는다”>도 지나친 일반화이고,
<“그런 사상은 유대교와 아무 관계도 없다”> 역시 지나친 단순화다.

라고 할 수 있다.

이 영상에서 정말로 연구해야 할 것은 충격적인 문구 자체보다 <누가, 어떤 유대교 전통에서, 어떤 문맥으로 그 문구를 읽느냐>이다. 바로 그 지점에서 탈무드는 하나의 문장이 아니라 수천 년에 걸친 논쟁과 해석의 전통이라는 사실이 드러난다.

그리고 다음 단계로는 이 영상에서 제시된 핵심 주장들—특히 <“You are called adam, but non-Jews are not called adam”>, <Akum>, <비유대인을 속이거나 죽여도 되는가>, <메시아 시대의 비유대인>—을 하나씩 실제 탈무드 원문과 랍비 문헌에 대조해 보는 것이 필요하다. 그렇게 하면 <인터넷의 반유대주의적 가짜 인용 / 실제 탈무드 문구 / 후대의 극단적 해석>을 상당히 정확하게 분리할 수 있다.

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Transcript

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0:3838 secondsYaakov (Religious Zionist) Tekoa (West Bank settlement)

1:171 minute, 17 secondsRambam

2:042 minutes, 4 seconds-I am sure you can find an extremist group In any group of people you can find...

2:082 minutes, 8 secondsIf you point that thing at me You will have to buy a new one I am telling you I don't like being filmed In any group of people you will find the extremists

2:162 minutes, 16 secondswho will say everyone else is the infidel

2:282 minutes, 28 secondsAsk first before you point a camera at someone Akumim (idolators)

2:392 minutes, 39 secondsNot 'akum' (bent) Something about the stars those that don't believe in one God

2:502 minutes, 50 secondsRead me the verse No, I don't have it in Hebrew Oh, you mean you have the meaning but you know that when you translate something, everyone gives it a meaning how they want

2:592 minutes, 59 secondsAkumim (idolators) Where are you getting these?

3:093 minutes, 9 secondsSomebody sent it to me These quotes really don't reflect Judaism Not at all

4:034 minutes, 3 secondsyou have to sit down and discuss the verse

6:516 minutes, 51 secondsNo, it's not a mainstream belief but yes I have heard it Yaakov (Religious Zionist) Psagot (West Bank settlement)

7:027 minutes, 2 secondsThese are questions related to the Talmud Are you familiar with the Talmud? Of course Is it true that it is written... I don't know

7:097 minutes, 9 secondsThese were sent to me The Baba Mezia "The Jews are human"

7:197 minutes, 19 seconds"the non-Jews are not human" "they are beasts" That's not really what it says You have to understand it So explain it It is not ...

7:297 minutes, 29 secondsThere is a certain reality that the Jews are a level above the non-Jews What?

7:347 minutes, 34 secondsThe Jews have a level above the non-Jews That?

7:377 minutes, 37 secondsThat's doesn't mean they are not human What is the verse?

7:417 minutes, 41 seconds"You are called human and the non-Jews are not" The question is what is the meaning of the word "human" here It's a discussion on its own So what do you think the word "human" means here?

7:507 minutes, 50 seconds"Human" is the soul of the nation of Israel that is a level above non-Jews That what?

7:567 minutes, 56 secondsThe soul of the Nation of Israel is a level above the non-Jews You need to understand first what is the Nation of Israel I know what the Nation of Israeli is No, no as part of explaining...

8:068 minutes, 6 secondsOk, what is the Nation of Israel?

8:078 minutes, 7 secondsTrue, you are right (to try to explain) That's an entire subject Do you know what the Nation of Israel is?

8:128 minutes, 12 secondsI know yes but the people watching don't know (your wife) is right Those watching don't know what the Nation of Israel is so explain what is the Nation of Israel First of all, the Nation of Israel is

8:218 minutes, 21 secondsthe nation that, the Holy One, blessed by He, chose to lead the existence the morality of existence the holiness of existence

8:288 minutes, 28 secondsthat will fill the world with the holiness of the Nation of Israel The world will be filled knowing the Holy One blessed be He getting rid of the bad ????

8:378 minutes, 37 secondsIt is an entire process A process that started when we left Egypt, to the Temple a slow process of redemption

8:458 minutes, 45 secondsactually it starts first when the Nation of Israel understands its worth knowing who he is because actualy we are not aware of ourselves it needs to become part of us

8:548 minutes, 54 secondsand then it will spread to the rest of the world when the Nation of Israel will live it's real and normal life

9:009 minutesIn Israel, in the Holy Temple so then it can spread to the rest of the world Is there a lot more because...

9:119 minutes, 11 secondsIs this going to take long? We need to go "Idolators are dogs" I am not familiar with that

9:249 minutes, 24 seconds"Have more respect for dogs than for non-Jews" No, that is not true "The sould of the non-Jew"

9:319 minutes, 31 seconds"come from.... they are like pigs" "come from impure souls" I am not familiar with anything like that

9:409 minutes, 40 seconds"If you eat with a non-Jew" "is like eating with a dog" I have never heard...

9:479 minutes, 47 secondsYou never heard that? No "It is permitted to kill a non-Jew" Nonsense. What are you talking about?

9:579 minutes, 57 secondsIt is forbidden to kill anyone "It is permitted to cheat non-Jews" Also no. We have a commandment to be moral to people

10:0410 minutes, 4 secondsto be good and honest not to cheat the world It's not true Is it written in the Talmud

10:1210 minutes, 12 secondsI don't know, this is what I was told Alon (orthodox Zionist) Bat Ayin (West Bank settlement) In the Baba Metzia "Jews are human, the non-Jews are not human"

10:2110 minutes, 21 seconds"they are beasts" Is it true or not?

10:2410 minutes, 24 secondsI doubt it I don't know You never heard that?

10:2610 minutes, 26 secondsI don't know but I doubt it says that These are things that some say are written but I don't know Akumim (idolators)

10:3510 minutes, 35 secondsnon-Jews What?

10:3810 minutes, 38 secondsAkumim What is Akumim?

10:4010 minutes, 40 secondsAkumim (I couldn't remember what it stood for) Those that not Jews, not Christians I don't remember how to say it in Hebrew So you don't know what Akumim are?

10:5310 minutes, 53 secondsAh Akum "Worshipers of stars and zodiacs" 133 00:10:56,56 --> 00:10:56,556 Exactly It's an acronym They are the people who worshiped idols Today

11:0111 minutes, 1 secondI don't think there are any left in the world It says in the Talmud that "they are like dogs" No

11:1011 minutes, 10 seconds"You need to respect the dog more than them" I don't know You don't know If I understand your views It is not connected to Muslims

11:1911 minutes, 19 secondsor Christians No No, it is only connected to idol worship Not to ...

11:2411 minutes, 24 seconds"The soul of the non-Jew is not pure" "they are like pigs" I don't know any of these things

11:3411 minutes, 34 seconds"It is forbidden to eat with a non-Jew" it's also forbidden to eat with...

11:3911 minutes, 39 secondsIt must be avoided from eating with the regular (Jewish) people with those who are not Torah scholars For him...

11:4411 minutes, 44 secondsAgain It's forbidden to eat with who?

11:4511 minutes, 45 secondsFor a Torah scholar would not sit together with regular (Jews) there is a separation between the wisest and all others so maybe with non-Jews that applies too but I don't know

11:5211 minutes, 52 secondswhen eating, there is a seperation generally So what does that mean? Because I don't know much Torah I am not allowed to eat with...

11:5811 minutes, 58 secondsYes, for a Jew who is not a Torah scholar because he didn't study Torah They would sit separately Really? I never knew that

12:0612 minutes, 6 secondsSo maybe it came from that It is a social thing Does it still happen today? Have you seen it?

12:1412 minutes, 14 secondsToday, no They used to do that "It is permitted to kill a non-Jew" 175 00:12:21,7 --> 00:12:21,341 No Nonsense

12:2212 minutes, 22 seconds"It is permitted to cheat someone not Jewish" No It's forbidden Tova (orthodox Zionist) Kiriat Arba (West Bank settlement) Here are some things people claim is in the Talmud

12:3012 minutes, 30 seconds"The Jew is human being but the non-Jew is not a human being" "they are beasts" I have never heard that I have never heard of such a thing

12:4212 minutes, 42 secondsIdol worshipers

13:1813 minutes, 18 secondsI decided to go to the most religious place Jerusalem

13:3513 minutes, 35 seconds"Here we do not destroy families" "no computers or devices with internet or movies" From the Committee for Purity of Communications

13:5013 minutes, 50 secondsHassidic anti-Zionist You know what

14:0314 minutes, 3 secondsI think in one of the Yeshivas nearby there is an American Yeshiva they have more practice to explain these things

14:2914 minutes, 29 secondsThey would let you film they will even give you movies they have I think it's more on the same channel

14:3914 minutes, 39 secondsHassidic anti-Zionists The question is Go ahead, ask your question

14:4814 minutes, 48 secondsspeaking Yiddish They are animals The non Jews are animals, beasts It is written It is not written here It is written...

14:5714 minutes, 57 secondsAh, you are right it isn't written that they are animals There is an explanation...

15:0015 minuteswhy they are Hold on, that is what I want to understand Hold on, be quiet What does it say?

15:0715 minutes, 7 secondsI don't understand It says "you are called human" "and the non-Jews are not called human" that is what is written

15:1515 minutes, 15 secondsNot called human (hard for me to understand his accent) we don't call them human So what do we call them?

15:1915 minutes, 19 secondsHuman is in the image of God Human is something that is different from animals If a person acts like an animal

15:2615 minutes, 26 secondsso he is like an animal Each person needs to control himself The Jews control themselves

15:3415 minutes, 34 secondsif the evil inclination tells them to do something and they don't do it so then he is a person because he has intellect

15:4215 minutes, 42 secondsSo someone who is not Jewish who does what is good Is he a person or not a person?

15:4715 minutes, 47 secondsAlso, he needs to do normal things They usually do They can kill people and not see them A Jew will never kill a Jew

15:5615 minutes, 56 secondseven if he doesn't see him If a non Jew...

15:5815 minutes, 58 secondsBut there are Jews who kill Jews There is one of everything Yigal Amir But a Jew who A Jew who acts like a Jew of course there are Jews who don't act ...

16:0816 minutes, 8 secondsWhat I don't understand is All the non-Jews are how did you call them?

16:1316 minutes, 13 secondsExcuse me sir Beasts If they have no direction The word human refers to the image of God

16:2016 minutes, 20 secondsHe is the image of God That is the meaning of "human" We changed it meaning the Jewish people changed it to acting more humane

16:2916 minutes, 29 secondsyou need to act like a human being but in principle it is based on God and people are based on God because we are in His image so he called us human

16:3716 minutes, 37 secondsThe non-Jews are God made them so they will So they will serve the Jews

16:4616 minutes, 46 secondsAll the non-Jews that you see all around the world the billions they exist just for the Jew's benefit

16:5416 minutes, 54 secondsWe don't see it so we don't know exactly Hold on Today we are still in exile so automatically they don't yet serve us completely

17:0317 minutes, 3 secondsonly partially Each one of us will have...

17:0517 minutes, 5 secondsWhen the Messiah will come each one of us will have How many?

17:0917 minutes, 9 seconds-Thousands -Hundreds 2800 slaves In the meantime, the Messiah is not here so how do they serve us now?

17:1717 minutes, 17 secondsThey build us cars We don't know Apartments, buildings They do everything Who do they build for? Us They serve the Jews There are also Jews who do that work

17:2417 minutes, 24 secondsHardly any Listen Look at the reality I want to tell you a parable

17:3117 minutes, 31 secondsThere is a man who is afraid of God There is another...

17:3717 minutes, 37 secondsNeither person does the right thing and one guy is afraid of the police When the police isn't around he does whatever he wants Right?

17:4417 minutes, 44 secondsThere are intelligent people who eat properly Once I was at a wedding I was a kid and I ate with my hands so someone said, you have to thank God

17:5317 minutes, 53 secondsyou see Haredim eating like I said listen for who are we saying a blessing for God those around me

18:0118 minutes, 1 secondonly at a wedding do they eat properly at home, they walk up to the pot and eat directly from it I won't eat from the pot

18:0918 minutes, 9 secondsI act properly for myself You understand I act like a human being for myself You don't think that non-Jews do the same thing?

18:1718 minutes, 17 secondsFor sure not How many non-Jews do you know?

18:2218 minutes, 22 secondsI don't know any personally I don't know any I also don't want to know any So how do you know any of this?

18:2618 minutes, 26 secondsBecause someone told you No?

18:2818 minutes, 28 secondsI read newspapers We see how they act They don't act well like the Jews They kill their own parents A Jew must act

18:3718 minutes, 37 secondsto show the other that he is also a Jew To show his heart that he is also a Jew But non-Jews don't do that Look, another thing

18:4518 minutes, 45 secondsThere are things written (in the Torah/Talmud) that we don't really understand, that is the truth I didn't hear Hold on, I can't hear Therea are things that are written

18:5318 minutes, 53 secondsand we don't know exactly what it means until we are told We know a bit Go on with your questions What else do you have?

19:0219 minutes, 2 secondsWhat did you want to say?

19:0319 minutes, 3 secondsLast week someone went to do his ritual bath the one who was murdered he was doing his penance He was atoning for his sins He was murdered, you don't know about this?

19:1319 minutes, 13 secondsNo Are you from the media?

19:1419 minutes, 14 secondsNo So where are you from?

19:1619 minutes, 16 secondsLast week, after shabbat this guy stopped at a river or some place

19:2319 minutes, 23 secondsand there was an Arab there and he killed him Why did the Arab kill him?

19:2719 minutes, 27 secondsBecause the Jew acts like a human being and that piece of garbage...

19:3419 minutes, 34 secondsHold on, a Jew killed an Arab?

19:3619 minutes, 36 secondsThe opposite Every day this happens Why?

19:4219 minutes, 42 secondsI don't know Because the Jew acts like a human being But you said He has no love But you guys are contradicting yourselves

19:4919 minutes, 49 secondsbecause you said the non-Jews are not human and they say...

19:5419 minutes, 54 secondsWe don't kill cats even though they are not human We don't kill them True We said that a human is in the image of God

20:0220 minutes, 2 secondsAnother thing, why was Hitler not a Jew, he was a non-Jew?

20:0720 minutes, 7 secondsHitler was a non-Jew Why wasn't he a Jew?

20:0920 minutes, 9 secondsI don't know Because a Jew would not do what he did No Jew has ever done what Hitler did This is what they wrote me Ok, one more question Hold on, I see...

20:1920 minutes, 19 secondsI want to say something I see these are provocative questions meaning questions that will annoy us spicy questions, of course What? You think I would come with bland questions?

20:3020 minutes, 30 secondsWhat for? I know the answers to the bland questions Ok, let's hear "the non-Jews are akumim" A.ku.m

20:3820 minutes, 38 secondsIt doesn't mean bent (sounds the same) Akumim is So what is it?

20:4320 minutes, 43 secondsA.Ku.M is "workers of stars and zodiac" (idolators) What is he asking these things for?

20:5020 minutes, 50 seconds(Something in Yiddish) Enough!

20:5220 minutes, 52 secondsWhy? Stay out of this We are praying here The word doesn't refer to "bent" This is not a theater (that I came to film the actors) It is not true what you... Do you want people to understand yes or no?

21:0021 minutesNo, they don't need to understand They think you are here to cause problems

21:1021 minutes, 10 secondsI can see from the type of questions These are questions that What do you expect me to ask you about the kosher rules?

21:1921 minutes, 19 secondsThat I already know It is a mistake, the word is not bent The word is an acronym "Workers of stars and zodiacs"

21:2821 minutes, 28 secondsThey believe in stars not in God "non-Jews are like dogs" What?

21:3621 minutes, 36 secondsWho are like dogs?

21:3821 minutes, 38 secondsThe non-Jews What is that from?

21:4621 minutes, 46 secondsSomeone sent me the verse Maybe I haven't heard it

21:5421 minutes, 54 secondsYou don't know "the souls of non-Jews are not pure"

22:0222 minutes, 2 seconds"they are pigs" Who?

22:0722 minutes, 7 secondsThe souls of the non-Jews Someone sent me this Nonsense They say it is written in the Talmud Where in the Talmud?

22:1722 minutes, 17 secondsNo, that is nonsense It is written in their books It may be a lie that's why I am asking

22:2522 minutes, 25 secondsIn our Talmud, they don't write things like that like "pigs" There is no words used like that "you can eat with someone non-Jewish" Eat him?

22:3422 minutes, 34 secondsNo Eat with Forbidden to eat with someone not Jewish Why?

22:3922 minutes, 39 secondsWhat's the problem. You are allowed But he can switch your food (with food that is not kosher) How would he switch your food? He shouldn't...

22:4522 minutes, 45 secondsIf you invite someone not Jewish to your home You shouldn't have any connection to him So you won't end up marrying a non-Jew You shouldn't have any connection? Really?

22:5122 minutes, 51 secondsFirst you are friends, then you end up marrying That is forbidden "It is permitted to kill a non-Jew"

23:0123 minutes, 1 secondA total lie What did he say?

23:0323 minutes, 3 secondsthat you are allowed to kill a non-Jew because he is a non-Jew "it is permitted to cheat non-Jews" Also not true It's forbidden

23:1123 minutes, 11 secondsThat one I had heard Forbidden Forbidden Cheating a non-Jew is forbidden It says explicitely that you cannot It is a sin against God

23:1923 minutes, 19 secondsIt is forbidden It says that explicitely Not just that if you find out you made a mistake you have to tell him

23:2723 minutes, 27 secondsEven if he gives you 100 instead of 80 owed you have to tell him and give him back 20 That is actually written out in Jewish law

23:3523 minutes, 35 secondsI heard of that before OK, so what we have is...

23:4123 minutes, 41 secondsLet's go back to the non-Jew is an animal sorry, beast Will you pray with us now?

23:4723 minutes, 47 secondsLet me finish this and then we will talk About them being beasts Why are you interviewing him?

24:0024 minutesPeople write me these verses all the time because I am a Jew What do you do?

24:0624 minutes, 6 secondsI do this project about Israelis and Jews and because they don't believe me They don't want to hear...

24:1424 minutes, 14 secondsI respect everyone and it is not about (political goals) If you don't believe, you won't believe what is written either Right, I also don't believe So why ask?

24:2424 minutes, 24 secondsSince they ask me, I want to know Go tell them that you found a red head

24:3224 minutes, 32 secondsYou are a red head? Yes and tell them that I think that they need to put all the non-Jews in gas chambers No, don't say such things

24:3924 minutes, 39 secondsIf they don't believe A person has to believe (in God) if you don't bellieve, you are nothing I don't believe in God Do I need to be put in a gas chamber?

24:4824 minutes, 48 secondsYou have to believe, in something If you don't believe, you are finished If in 5 minutes, planes are coming

24:5724 minutes, 57 secondsin 5 minutes the planes are coming to bomb the area what will you do?

25:0225 minutes, 2 secondsRun But you don't believe Someone is coming...

25:0725 minutes, 7 secondsThere is a difference... Never mind Without faith, this world is nothing I don't, what can I tell you? Do you have more questions?

25:1525 minutes, 15 secondsNo, that's it I want to get back to the beast thing because I don't understand the differnce between non-Jews and... You don't believe in God?

25:2225 minutes, 22 secondsNo, not at all No? No Actually everything I see proves to me there isn't how cruel people are to each other

25:4125 minutes, 41 secondsRabbi Yitzhak Brietowitz Hassidic non-Zionist

====

Ethiopian Jews in Israel - Wikipedia

Ethiopian Jews in Israel - Wikipedia

Ethiopian Jews in Israel

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Ethiopian Jews in Israel

Total population
177,600[1][2](2024) About 2.3% of the Israeli Jewish population, about 1.75% of the total Israeli population
Languages
Hebrew · Amharic · Tigrinya
Religion
Haymanot and Rabbinic Judaism
Related ethnic groups
Falash Mura · Beta Abraham

Ethiopian Jews in Israel or Beta Israel are immigrants and descendants of the immigrants from the Beta Israel communities in Ethiopia.^[3][4][5] To a lesser extent, the Ethiopian Jewish community in Israel also includes Falash Mura, a community of Beta Israel who had converted to Christianity over the course of the prior two centuries, but were permitted to immigrate to Israel upon returning to Israelite religion—this time largely to Rabbinic Judaism.^[6][7]

Most of the community made aliyah in two waves of mass immigration assisted by the Israeli government: Operation Moses (1984), and Operation Solomon (1991).^[8][9] Today, Israel is home to the largest Beta Israel community in the world, with about 177,600 citizens of Ethiopian descent in 2024, who mainly reside in southern and central Israel.^[10]

History

First wave (1934–1960)

The first Ethiopian Jews who settled in Israel in modern times came in 1934 along with the Yemenite Jews from Italian Eritrea.^[11]

Second wave: (1961–1975)

Between 1963 and 1975, a relatively small group of Beta Israel moved to Israel. They were mainly men who had come to Israel on a tourist visa, and then remained in the country.

In 1973, Israel's Sephardi Chief Rabbi Ovadia Yosef, cited a rabbinic ruling of the Radbaz, Rabbi Azriel Hildesheimer, and two former Ashkenazic chief rabbis of Israel, Abraham Isaac Kook and Isaac Yitzhak HaLevi Herzog, declaring the Beta Yisrael Jews according to Halachah. He said: "It is our duty to redeem them from assimilation, to hasten their immigration to Israel, to educate them in the spirit of our holy Torah and to make them partners in the building of our sacred land....I am certain that the government institutions and the Jewish Agency, as well as organizations in Israel and the Diaspora, will help us to the best of our ability in this holy task..., the Mitzvah of redeeming the souls of our people...for everyone who saves one soul in Israel, it is as though he had saved the whole world.^[12] In 1974, Ashkenazi Rabbi Shlomo Goren also ruled that the Ethiopian Jews are a part of the Jewish people and this had already been established by Chief Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook.^[13]

In April 1975, the Israeli government of Yitzhak Rabin officially accepted the Beta Israel as Jews for the purpose of the Law of Return (which grants all Jews the right to immigrate to Israel).

From 1975 onwards, the majority of the Ethiopian Jews made aliyah under the 1950 Law of Return. Several undercover rescue missions were organized by activists and Mossad agents to get them out of Ethiopia.^[14][15]

Third wave: (1975–1990)

Operation Brothers

Migration map of Beta Israel

• November 1979 – 1983: Aliyah activists and agents in Sudan, including Ferede Aklum, urged the Beta Israel to come to Sudan where they would be taken to Israel via Europe. Jewish Ethiopian refugees from the Ethiopian Civil War in the mid-1970s began to arrive at the refugee camps in Sudan. Most Beta Israel came from Tigray, which was then controlled by the TPLF, which often escorted them to the Sudanese border.^[16] Many chose to immigrate to Israel at this time to flee the civil war, the specter of famine during and after the war, and the hostility faced by Ethiopian Jews.^[17] In 1981, the Jewish Defense League protested what it felt was "lack of action" in rescuing the Ethiopian Jews by taking over the main offices of HIAS in Manhattan.^[18]
• 1983 – March 28, 1985: This immigration wave was in part motivated by word of mouth reports. In 1983, the governor of Gondar region, Major Melaku Teferra, was ousted as governor and his successor removed restrictions on travel.^[19] Beta Israel began to arrive in large numbers and due to poor conditions in the camps, refugees began dying of disease and hunger. It is estimated that between 2,000 and 5,000 were Beta Israel.^[20] In late 1984, the Sudanese government, following the intervention of the United States, allowed 7,200 Beta Israel to leave for Europe. They immediately flew from there to Israel. The first of two operations during this period was Operation Moses (original name: "The Lion of Judah's Cub"), which took place between November 20, 1984, and January 20, 1985, during which time 6,500 people immigrated to Israel. A few weeks later, the U.S. Air Force evacuated the 494 Beta Israel refugees remaining in Sudan to Israel in Operation Joshua. The second operation was mainly carried out due to the intervention and international pressure of the United States.^[21]

Fourth wave (1990–1999)

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• 1991 (Operation Solomon): In 1991, the political and economic stability of Ethiopia deteriorated as rebels mounted attacks against, and eventually controlled, the capital city of Addis Ababa.^[22] Worried about the fate of the Beta Israel during the transition period, the Israeli government, together with several private groups, secretly prepared escape plans. Over the course of 36 hours, a total of 34 El Al passenger planes, with their seats removed to maximize passenger capacity, flew 14,325 Beta Israel directly to Israel.^[23] Dr. Rick Hodes, an American doctor working in Ethiopia, was the medical director for Operation Solomon.
• 1992–1999: In the years following Operation Solomon, smaller and more gradual waves of migration continued. These included the Qwara Beta Israel,^[24] a subgroup residing in the northwestern Ethiopian region of Qwara, many of whom had been previously left behind. With the assistance of the Jewish Agency and Israeli government, most members of this community were brought to Israel by the end of the decade.^[25]

Falash Mura (1993–present)

• 1993–present: From 1993 onwards, an irregular emigration began of Falash Mura, which was and still is mainly subjected to political developments in Israel. These immigrants are required to convert from Christianity to Judaism.^[26]

• 2018: In August 2018, the Netanyahu government vowed to bring in 1,000 Falasha Jews from Ethiopia.^[27]
• 2019: In April 2019, an estimated 8,000 Falasha were waiting to leave Ethiopia.^[28]
• 2020: On February 25, 2020, 43 Falasha arrived in Israel from Ethiopia.^[29]
• 29 November 2020 - 12 July 2023: Operation Tzur Israel (Rock of Israel). The operation was implemented in two phases with the goal of facilitating the immigration of 5,000 Ethiopian Jews to Israel, most of whom had close relatives already living there. The first phase, which ran from 28 November 2020 until March 15, 2021, brought 2,000 Ethiopian immigrants to Israel. The second phase, which began on June 2, 2022, brought another 3,000 immigrants, and concluded on 12 July 2023.^[30][31][32]
  • 2021:
    • March 11: Operation Tzur Israel brings 300 Ethiopian Jews to Israel.^[33]
    • March 15: The first phase of the operation concludes, with 2,000 immigrants brought to Israel.^[34]
    • November 28: The Israeli government approves the resumption of immigration for the remainder of the community from Ethiopia.^[35]
  • 2022:
    • February 2: The Israeli Supreme Court issues an interim order halting the immigration of 3,000 Ethiopians with close relatives in Israel, while hearing an appeal alleging many of them had faked their claims of Jewish ancestry.^[36]
    • March 15: The Court lifts the interim order.^[37]
    • June 1: Second phase of operation begins with an airlift of 181 immigrants.^[38]
  • 2023:
    • July 12: Operation Tzur Israel concludes with a final flight of 130 immigrants.^[31]
  • 2024:
    • In April 2024 61 Ethiopian Jews made Aliyah sponsored by ICEJ.^[39]
    • As of April 2024, the president of the aid group Struggle to Save Ethiopian Jewry (SSEJ) estimated that some 13,000 people were still waiting.^[40][41]
    • In response to a ruling from the Sahedrin calling on all Jews in galat to go up to Israel ,a letter of 30 December 2024 from rement of Jews in Sudan and Ethiopia who have declared their willingness to go up to Israel^[42]
  • 2025:
    • Jewish Population in Ethiopia is 100^[43]
    • As recently as September 2025, Israel approved plans for the immigration of an additional 2,000 Ethiopian Jews, bringing hope to some of the families still waiting.
    • September 2025 7,000 [estimated in Ethiopia] This figure was cited in a September 2025 op-ed in The Jerusalem Post, based on "official estimates". Another Jerusalem Post piece mentioned "roughly 7,000" waiting as of that month.^[44]
    • According to the World Jewish Congress website: "Aliya: Since 1948, 50,700 Ethiopian Jews have emigrated to Israel"^[45]

Integration and socioeconomic status

Beta Israel soldier in Nablus, 2006

The entrance to Mevaseret Zion Absorption Center, 2010

The largest obstacle facing the Israeli Ethiopian Beta Israel community is likely the low level of formal education of the majority of immigrants, who lacked the necessary skills for a developed economy like Israel. Because of the rural nature of Ethiopia, illiteracy was widespread, although young people were generally better educated than their elders. As a result, the incredibly abrupt transition from Ethiopian village life to Israel had a significant impact on their integration into Israeli society. On a number of important socioeconomic indicators, Israelis of Ethiopian descent rank below the general Hebrew speaking.^[46]

Due to those challenges, the Israeli government created several programs to better the Ethiopian Jews in Israel's socio-economic status and to narrow and close educational gaps.^[47] One such program is the ministry of education's "New Way" program for integrating  students of Ethiopian descent in the education system.

Among the key achievements of the program was the increase in bagrut eligibility rates among students of Ethiopian descent. In the 2023/4 school year, the percentage of 12th-grade students of Ethiopian descent taking matriculation exams was 93.4%, compared with 95.2% of the students in the Hebrew education system overall. In 2023/4, the rate of eligibility for Bagrut certificates among students of Ethiopian descent equaled the rate of eligibility among all Hebrew speakers for the first time, after a cumulative increase of 12.5% since 2017/18.^[48][49]

In the 2022/3 school year, The rate of eligibility for bagrut that meets the threshold requirements of the universities among 12th grade students of Ethiopian descent is 59.2% compared to 76% in the Hebrew education system overall (excluding ultra-Orthodox supervision) and 51.3% in the Arab education sector. the percentage of students of Ethiopian descent eligible for a matriculation certificate that meets university entrance requirements has also been increasing in recent years, and the gap between them and the general Hebrew-speaking students has narrowed from 27 percentage points in 2016 to 17 in 2022/3.^[50] this gap is still high in comparison to the gap in bagrut eligibility.

Between 2016/17 and 2022 The gap between students of Ethiopian descent and students in the general Hebrew education system in the Meitzav exam in Hebrew and reading decreases from 0.89 to 0.56 standard deviations in 8th grade and from 0.63 to 0.36 standard deviations in 5th grade.^[51]

The number of students of Ethiopian origin studying at institutions of higher education has been increasing in recent years: from 3,194 in 2016/17 to 4,144 in 2023/24, an increase of 29.7%. In general, the student population increased by 3.9% – from 227,700 in 2016/17 to 235,500 in 2023/24. The percentage of women among Ethiopian students was higher than the corresponding percentage among the general Hebrew speaking student population .

In 2019 The net income per household among Israelis of Ethiopian descent amounted to 14,027 NIS compared to 17,779 NIS for all Jewish households and 11,810 NIS for Arab households.^[46][52]

Ethiopian Beta Israel have largely integrated into Israeli society in religious life, national and military service, education, the professional sphere, and politics. Like other immigrant communities, particularly those from very rural areas, they faced significant challenges in assimilating into a modern, industrial nation. These included low formal education levels, traditional community and elder hierarchies disrupted following the initial rescue airlifts to Israel from Africa, some racial prejudice, and limited cases of halachic doubt concerning the Jewish status of specific sub-groups such as the Falash Mura. However, over successive generations, Ethiopian Israelis have made significant socioeconomic progress.^[53][54][55]

Before the mass aliyot of the 1980s and 1990s, small groups of Beta Israel had already moved to Israel in the 1950s as part of educational exchanges, and in trickles in the following decades. After Rabbi Ovadia Yosef’s 1973 halachic ruling, the Israeli government formally recognized them as eligible for aliyah under the Law of Return.^[56]

In preparation for the absorption of tens of thousands, the Ministry of Immigrant Absorption issued two detailed Master Plans: in 1985 (after Operation Moses) and 1991 (following Operation Solomon). These plans addressed housing, education, employment, and social services, but a strong assimilationist bias and inadequate cultural adaptation led to mixed outcomes.^[57][58]

Employment-wise, most early immigrants came from rural subsistence economies and lacked job skills, but military service has since become a key vehicle for social advancement. IDF enlistment rates among Ethiopian Israelis are high-especially among Israeli-born youth, but disparities remain in educational outcomes and socioeconomic status.^[59]

Involvement in politics

The first Ethiopian-born Knesset member to serve in the 14th Knesset was Addisu Masala, representing the Labor Party. He was previously a member of the Marxist Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party organization in Ethiopia, and in Israel he became a Knesset member in the 1996 elections.

In 2012, Israel appointed the country's first Ethiopian-born ambassador, Beylanesh Zevadiahe [he]. This was followed in 2020 by the appointment of Pnina Tamano-Shata to the post of Minister of Aliyah and Integration in the 35th Israeli government, as the first Ethiopian-born government minister.

Language

The main language used for communication among Israeli citizens and amongst the Ethiopian Beta Israel in Israel is Modern Hebrew. The majority of the Beta Israel immigrants continue to speak in Amharic (primarily) and Tigrinya at home with their family members and friends. The Amharic language and the Tigrinya language are written in the Ge'ez script, originally developed for the Ge'ez language.

Relations with Ethiopia

Although some non-Jewish Ethiopians expressed bitterness towards Beta Israel emigration,^[60] the Ethiopian Jews have maintained close cultural and historical ties with the broader Ethiopian society and traditions.^[61]

The Ethiopian government is also an important ally of Israel internationally, with ongoing cooperation in diplomatic, security, and development fields. Israel frequently dispatches technical and humanitarian teams to assist development initiatives in Ethiopia.^[62] Strategically, Israel “has always aspired to protect itself by means of a non-Arab belt that has included at various times Iran, Turkey, and Ethiopia",^[63] forming a key part of its regional security doctrine.^[62]

Demography

The following is a list of the most significant Beta Israel population centers in Israel, as of 2006:^[64]

Ethiopian Beta Israel Synagogue in Netivot.

The official memorial site to the memory of Ethiopian Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jews), who died in their way to Israel on Mount Herzl.

Gojo in Kfar HaNoar HaDati, Kfar Hasidim.

Rank	City	Total population	Beta Israel population	% of City Pop
1	Netanya	173,000	10,200	5.9
2	Beersheba	185,443	6,216	3.4
3	Ashdod	204,153	6,191	3.0
4	Rehovot	104,545	6,179	5.9
5	Haifa	266,280	5,484	2.1
6	Ashkelon	107,759	5,132	4.8
7	Rishon LeZion	222,041	5,004	2.3
8	Hadera	76,332	4,828	6.3
9	Jerusalem	733,329	4,526	0.6
10	Petah Tikva	184,196	4,041	2.2
11	Kiryat Malakhi	19,519	3,372	17.3
12	Ramla	64,172	3,297	5.1
13	Lod	66,776	3,176	4.8
14	Afula	39,274	3,123	8.0
15	Kiryat Gat	47,794	3,062	6.4
16	Beit Shemesh	69,482	2,470	3.6
17	Yavne	31,884	2,102	6.6
18	Kiryat Yam	37,201	1,672	4.5
19	Bat Yam	129,437	1,502	1.2
20	Safed	28,094	1,439	5.1
21	Gedera	15,462	1,380	8.9
22	Pardes Hanna-Karkur	29,835	1,333	4.5
23	Netivot	24,919	1,217	4.9
24	Be'er Ya'akov	9,356	1,039	11.1
25	Ness Ziona	30,951	986	3.2
26	Tel Aviv	384,399	970	0.3
27	Or Yehuda	31,255	903	2.9
28	Migdal HaEmek	24,705	882	3.6
29	Holon	167,080	825	0.5
30	Yokneam Illit	18,453	772	4.2
31	Kiryat Motzkin	39,707	769	1.9
32	Kiryat Ekron	9,900	735	7.4
34	Karmiel	44,108	667	1.5
35	Kfar Saba	81,265	665	0.8
36	Tirat Carmel	18,734	635	3.4
37	Arad	23,323	602	2.6
38	Ofakim	24,447	598	2.4
39	Nazareth Illit	43,577	596	1.4
40	Kiryat Bialik	36,497	524	1.4
41	Sderot	19,841	522	2.6
42	Ma'ale Adumim	31,754	506	1.6
43	Gan Yavne	15,826	501	3.2
44	Tiberias	39,996	483	1.2
45	Bnei Brak	147,940	461	0.3
46	Rosh HaAyin	37,453	424	1.1
47	Kfar Yona	14,118	413	2.9
48	Ra'anana	72,832	385	0.5
49	Kiryat Ata	49,466	350	0.7
50	Eilat	46,349	331	0.7
51	Nahariya	50,439	309	0.6
52	Herzliya	84,129	271	0.3
53	Beit She'an	16,432	230	1.4
54	Hod HaSharon	44,567	210	0.5
55	Yehud-Monosson	25,464	172	0.7
56	Nesher	21,246	166	0.8
57	Even Yehuda	9,711	163	1.7
58	Ofra	2,531	131	5.2
59	Kedumim	3,208	104	3.2
60	Ramat Gan	129,658	101	0.1

The city of Kiryat Malakhi has a large concentration of Ethiopian Beta Israel, with 17.3% of the town's population being members of the Beta Israel as of 2006. This proportion would slightly decline to 16% by 2019.^[65][66] Southern towns, including Qiryat Gat, Kiryat Malakhi, Be'er Sheva, Yavne, Ashkelon, Rehovot, Kiryat Ekron, and Gedera have significant Ethiopian Jewish populations.^[67]

Table - The Population of Ethiopian Origin at the End of 2022, in Main Localities

The following is a list of the most significant Beta Israel population centers in Israel in localities above 2,000 people, as of 2022, which account for 77.5% of the group's population.^[10]

Locality	Total population (thousands)[68]	Total Population of Ethiopian origin (thousands)	Population of Ethiopian origin out of total population (%)
National Total	9,662.0	168.8	1.7
Netanya	233.1	12.2	5.2
Be’er Sheva	214.2	10.3	4.8
Rishon LeZiyyon	260.5	9.6	3.7
Ashqelon	153.1	9.0	5.9
Petah Tikva	255.4	8.9	3.5
Rehovot	150.7	7.7	5.1
Ashdod	226.8	7.5	3.3
Qiryat Gat	64.4	7.5	11.6
Jerusalem	981.7	6.6	0.7
Hadera	103.0	6.2	6.0
Haifa	290.3	5.8	2.0
Bet Shemesh	154.7	4.6	3.0
Ramla	79.1	4.5	5.7
Lod	85.4	4.4	5.1
Afula	61.5	3.9	6.4
Qiryat Mal’akhi	25.7	3.9	15.1
Yavne	56.2	3.8	6.7
Tel Aviv-Yafo	474.5	2.7	0.6
Holon	198.0	2.7	1.3
Bat Yam	128.5	2.6	2.0
Netivot	46.4	2.3	5.0
Qiryat Yam	41.1	2.1	5.2
Safed	38.0	2.1	5.4

(1) Localities with 2,000 or more residents of Ethiopian origin

Population of Ethiopian Origin by District, 2022^[10]

District	Ethiopian Israeli residents	% of total Ethiopian Israeli population
Central	62,361	36.9%
South	44,576	26.4%
Haifa	23,543	13.9%
North	12,235	7.3%
Jerusalem	11,800	7.0%
Tel Aviv	10,689	6.4%
West Bank*	3,461	2.1%
Total	166,845	100.0%

*Referred to as Judea & Samaria in the report.

Controversy

Discrimination

Men attending a demonstration against racism and discrimination, 2012

In May 2015, The Jewish Daily Forward described the Ethiopian Jewish community in Israel as one that has "long complained of discrimination, racism, and poverty".^[69] The absorption of Ethiopians in Israeli society represents an ambitious attempt to deny the significance of race.^[70] Israeli authorities, aware of the situation of most African diaspora communities in other Western countries, hosted programs to avoid setting in patterns of discrimination.^[70] The Ethiopian Beta Israel community's internal challenges have been complicated by perceived racist attitudes in some sectors of Israeli society and the establishment.^[71]

In 2005, racism was alleged when the mayor of Or Yehuda refused to accept a large increase in Ethiopian immigrants due to fear of having the property of the town decrease in value or having an increase in crime.^[72]

Demonstrations in Israel have occurred protesting the alleged racism against Ethiopian immigrants.^[73]

Protests against police brutality

In April 2015, an Ethiopian IDF soldier was the victim of an unprovoked and allegedly racist attack by an Israeli policeman and the attack was caught on video. The soldier, Damas Pakedeh, was arrested and then released, after being accused of attacking the policeman. Pakadeh is an orphan who emigrated from Ethiopia with his siblings in 2008. He believes the incident was racially motivated, and that, if the video had not been taken, he would have been punished. Instead, the police officer and volunteer were suspended pending an investigation. Likud MK Avraham Neguise called on National Police Chief Yohanan Danino to prosecute the police officer and volunteer, saying they engaged in "a gross violation of the basic law of respecting others and their liberty by those who are supposed to protect us". The Jerusalem Post notes that in 2015, "there have been a series of reports in the Israeli press about alleged acts of police brutality against Ethiopian Israelis, with many in the community saying they are unfairly targeted and treated more harshly than other citizens".^[74][75]

The incident of police brutality with Pakedeh and alleged brutality of officials from Israel's Administration of Border Crossings, Population, and Immigration with Walla Bayach, an Israeli of Ethiopian descent, brought the Ethiopian community to protest. Hundreds of Ethiopians participated in protests the streets of Jerusalem on April 20, 2015, to decry what they view as "rampant racism" and violence in Israel directed at their community. Israel Police Commissioner Yohanan Danino met with representatives of the Israeli Ethiopian community that day following the recent violent incidents involving police officers and members of the community.^[76] When over a thousand people protested police brutality against Ethiopians and dark-skinned Israelis, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu announced: "I strongly condemn the beating of the Ethiopian IDF soldier, and those responsible will be held accountable."^[77] Following protests and demonstrations in Tel Aviv that resulted in violence, Netanyahu planned to meet with representatives of the Ethiopian community, including Pakado.

Large protests broke out in July 2019 after Solomon Teka, a young Ethiopian man, was shot and killed by an off-duty policy officer, in Kiryat Haim, Haifa, in northern Israel.^[78][79]

Blood donations

On January 24, 1996, Ma'ariv newspaper revealed a Magen David Adom policy that drew heavy criticism in Israel and worldwide.^[80][81][82] According to the policy, which was not brought to the attention of the Israeli Ministry of Health or donors, blood donations received from Ethiopian immigrants and their offspring were secretly disposed of. A later public inquiry traced this back to a misinterpretation of a 1984 instruction to mark blood donations from Ethiopian immigrants due to a relatively high prevalence of HBsAg, indicative of Hepatitis B infections, in blood samples taken from this population.^[83]

The public outcry led to the establishment of a commission of inquiry headed by former Israeli president Yitzhak Navon. After several months, the committee published its conclusions, calling for a change in policy. The Committee did not find evidence of racism, although some researchers have contested this.^[80][84][85]

On November 6, 2006, hundreds of Ethiopian protesters clashed with police while attempting to block the entrance to Jerusalem in the wake of the Israeli Health Ministry's decision to continue the MDA policy of disposing of donations from high-risk groups.^[86]

To date, the MDA prohibits the use of blood donations from natives of sub-Saharan Africa, except South Africa, natives of Southeast Asia, natives of the Caribbean and natives of countries which have been widely affected by the AIDS epidemic, including donations from the natives of Ethiopia. Since 1991, all immigrants from Ethiopia undergo mandatory HIV screenings, regardless of their intention to donate blood.^[87][88][89]

Birth control

On 8 December 2012, the Israeli Educational Television program Vacuum, hosted by Gal Gabbai, aired a report claiming that in 2004, female Ethiopian Jewish immigrants were coerced into receiving Depo‑Provera injections, being told it was a prerequisite for immigration and often misled to believe it was a vaccination rather than birth control in transit camps in Ethiopia.^[90][91]

The practice was first reported in 2010 by Isha le'Isha (Hebrew: Woman to Woman), an Israeli women's rights organization. Hedva Eyal, the author of the report, stated: "We believe it is a method of reducing the number of births in a community that is black and mostly poor."^[92]

Haaretz criticized international coverage of the issue, stating that although some Ethiopian Jewish women's procreational rights had been violated through medical malpractice, these effects would only last for three months, and that any claims of a state-sponsored sterilization were falsehoods warped by circular reporting.^[93] The newspaper would also issue a correction to their earlier reporting on the story.^[94]

A 2016 investigation into the claims of the 35 women found no evidence that forced birth control injections of Ethiopian Jews took place.^[95] In a subsequent independent study, the decline in fertility rate was shown to be "the product of urbanization, improved educational opportunities, a later age of marriage and commencement of childbirth and an earlier age of cessation of childbearing."^[96]

However, official acknowledgement came from the Director General of the Ministry of Health, Professor Ron Gamzu, in response to the Association for Civil Rights in Israel claims.^[97] In a letter published in January 2013, Professor Gamzu instructed four organizations involved to cease administering the drug immediately.^[97]

See also

• Israel portal
• Africa portal

• Ethiopia–Israel relations
• Ethiopian cuisine
• Aliyah from Ethiopia
• History of the Jews in Africa
• History of the Jews in Ethiopia
• Jewish Agency for Israel
• Jewish ethnic divisions
• List of Israeli Ethiopian Jews
• The Red Sea Diving Resort

References

1.  "The Population of Ethiopian Origin in Israel". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved March 25, 2024.
2.  "Israel's Jewish Ethiopian population reached 177,600 in 2024". JNS. November 27, 2025. Retrieved March 30, 2026.
3.  "The Ethiopian Jews of Israel - Personal Stories of Life in the Promised Land - by Len Lyons, PHD; - Photographs by Ilan Ossendryver - Foreword by Alan Dershowitz". Archived from the original on December 8, 2011. Retrieved March 13, 2012.
4.  "Ethiopian Jews in Israel still await the promised land". The Telegraph. November 20, 2009. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
5.  "ynet – 20 שנה לעליית יהודי אתיופיה - חדשות". Ynet.co.il. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
6.  Nahshoni, Kobi (November 15, 2010). "Rabbis: Falash Mura must convert". Ynetnews.
7.  Weil, S. 2016b “The Complexities of Conversion among the ‘Felesmura’”. In: Eloi Ficquet, Ahmed Hassen and Thomas Osmond (eds.), Movements in Ethiopia, Ethiopia in Movement: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference of Ethiopian Studies. Addis Ababa: French Center for Ethiopian Studies, Institute of Ethiopian Studies of Addis Ababa University; Los Angeles: Tsehai Publishers, Vol. 1 pp.435-445.
8.  Weil, Shalva (2011). "Operation Solomon 20 Years On". International Relations and Security Network (ISN). Retrieved August 27, 2017.
9.  Weil, Shalva (2007). "Operation Solomon by Stephen Spector". Studies in Contemporary Jewry, an Annual. Vol. 22. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 341–343.
10.  "The Population of Ethiopian Origin in Israel: Selected Data Published on the Occasion of the Sigd Festival 2023". Central Bureau of Statistics (in Hebrew). November 9, 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 25, 2023. Retrieved June 14, 2024.
11.  Greenfeld, Yitzhak (2011). The Chief Rabbinate of the Land of Israel and the Jews of Ethiopia during the British Mandate. Haberman Institute for Literary Studies. pp. 191–198.
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External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Israelis of Ethiopian descent.

• Beta Israel: Society and Culture – Ethiopian Jews
• Ethio-struggle
• Yopi – The Ethiopian Portal
• Association of Ethiopian Jews website

v t e Israeli Jews by geographic origin in the Jewish diaspora

v t e Demographics of Israel

v t e African diaspora