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The War on Error: Israel, Islam and the Middle East
by Martin Kramer
4.7 out of 5 stars (10)
In 'The War on Error', historian and political analyst Martin Kramer presents a series of case studies, some based on pathfinding research and others on provocative analysis, that correct misinformation clouding the public's understanding of the Middle East. He also offers a forensic exploration of how misinformation arises and becomes "fact."
- Did Israeli troops massacre Palestinian Arabs in Lydda in July 1948?
- Was the bestseller 'Exodus' hatched by an advertising executive?
- Did Martin Luther King, Jr., describe anti-Zionism as antisemitism?
- Did a major post-9/11 documentary film deliberately distort the history of Islam?
- Did Israel push the United States into the Iraq War?
- Kramer also questions paradigms—the "Arab Spring," the map of the Middle East, and linkage.
- Along the way, he amasses new evidence, exposes carelessness, and provides definitive answers.
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Review
-[The War on Error] exposes the mistakes that historians, journalists, filmmakers, and others have made doing history in the region, and shows that our vision has only grown worse.-
--Shepard Barbash, The Federalist
-There is no simple way of resolving the tension between scholarship and politics, but The War on Error, though a collection of mostly previously published essays, blog posts, and speeches, is held together by its attempt to demonstrate by example how the norms of scholarship are essential to clear thinking about the Middle East. The highest praise I have of a book that is praiseworthy in many other respects is that it carries into the public sphere the spirit of the scholarly enterprise as [Bernard] Lewis described it. . . . One treat of one gets from the War on Error is hearing Kramer pay tribute to people he admires . . . Kramer admires human beings who, though driven by passions--which we cannot get around--subject themselves to the discipline of seeking out, weighing, and reflecting on the evidence. In The War on Error, Kramer demonstrates his kinship with the people he admires. His book deserves to be widely read.-
--Jonathan Marks, Scholars for Peace in the Middle East
-Kramer is not only a distinguished scholar of the Middle East who writes with an eye to the past as well as the present (and future), but also a gifted prose stylist.-
--Lee Smith, The Weekly Standard
-The best antidote to academic assaults on Israel and false versions of Zionist history is Martin Kramer. These essays on Israel and on current Arab and Islamic politics show him at his best: a sharp, wise, and very funny guide. If you don't know Kramer, you're in for an intellectual feast.-
--Elliott Abrams, senior fellow for Middle Eastern Studies, Council on Foreign Relations
-Martin Kramer spans an unusual range. He is a first-rate historian of the modern Middle East who is as masterful with social media as he is with the traditional archive. This new collection of essays and papers deals with the most current issues in Middle Eastern politics and policies from a perspective that only a profound historian possesses. But Kramer is not encumbered by his academic baggage; he writes well and vividly. I sometimes disagree with him but I always read carefully and learn something new or different. I strongly recommend the book for the professional and the lay reader.-
--Itamar Rabinovich, president of the Israel Institute and former Israeli ambassador to the United States
-[Kramer] fearlessly and eloquently exposes the myths, half-truths, and outright lies that pervade the public discussion, and so inhibit public understanding, of the region he knows so well.-
--Michael Mandelbaum, Christian A. Herter Professor of American Foreign Policy at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies
-Correcting error is the indispensable first step in stopping terror. No one writes better on the Middle East, its distorters and misinterpreters than Martin Kramer. He must be read--to be believed.-
--Ruth R. Wisse, former professor of Yiddish and comparative literature, Harvard University
-What is the Talmudic spirit? It is to poke, probe and provoke, never to let received notions stand. Today's Middle East harbors more half-truths and willful misrepresentations than oil under its sands. Concepts like 'Orientalism' are ideologies posing as dispassionate scholarship. Islamism is a magnet for apologists blind to the region's cultural pathologies. Terrorism is transfigured into legitimate anti-colonialism, even though the Arab world has been independent for two, three generations. Martin Kramer has done the 'Talmudic' thing, exposing sloppy or mean-spirited thinking with an incisive mind and first-rate empirical research. This collection is required reading for anybody who prefers intellectual rigor to ideological obfuscation.-
--Josef Joffe, fellow of the Hoover Institution and the Freeman-Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University
-Martin Kramer is a major scholarly contributor to the worldwide political debate about the contemporary Middle East. Not all will agree with his strong views, but they are always stimulating and challenging, and it is worth taking up such a challenge in the unprecedented chaos that the region has witnessed since 9/11, both within its ever-changing borders and in its complex relations with Europe and America.-
--Gilles Kepel, professor at the Institut d'Etudes politiques de Paris (Sciences Po) and member of the Institut universitaire de France
-Martin Kramer, a preeminent and prolific scholar of the Middle East, provides expert and singularly clear-sighted insights into this crucial region. Whether writing about the history of the Arab-Israeli conflict, the West's relations with Islam, or the global struggle against terror, Kramer is at once deeply informed, courageous, and engaging.-
--Michael Oren, member of Knesset and former Israeli ambassador to the United States
"[The War on Error] exposes the mistakes that historians, journalists, filmmakers, and others have made doing history in the region, and shows that our vision has only grown worse."
--Shepard Barbash, The Federalist
"There is no simple way of resolving the tension between scholarship and politics, but The War on Error, though a collection of mostly previously published essays, blog posts, and speeches, is held together by its attempt to demonstrate by example how the norms of scholarship are essential to clear thinking about the Middle East. The highest praise I have of a book that is praiseworthy in many other respects is that it carries into the public sphere the spirit of the scholarly enterprise as [Bernard] Lewis described it. . . . One treat of one gets from the War on Error is hearing Kramer pay tribute to people he admires . . . Kramer admires human beings who, though driven by passions--which we cannot get around--subject themselves to the discipline of seeking out, weighing, and reflecting on the evidence. In The War on Error, Kramer demonstrates his kinship with the people he admires. His book deserves to be widely read."
--Jonathan Marks, Scholars for Peace in the Middle East
"Kramer is not only a distinguished scholar of the Middle East who writes with an eye to the past as well as the present (and future), but also a gifted prose stylist."
--Lee Smith, The Weekly Standard
"The best antidote to academic assaults on Israel and false versions of Zionist history is Martin Kramer. These essays on Israel and on current Arab and Islamic politics show him at his best: a sharp, wise, and very funny guide. If you don't know Kramer, you're in for an intellectual feast."
--Elliott Abrams, senior fellow for Middle Eastern Studies, Council on Foreign Relations
"Martin Kramer spans an unusual range. He is a first-rate historian of the modern Middle East who is as masterful with social media as he is with the traditional archive. This new collection of essays and papers deals with the most current issues in Middle Eastern politics and policies from a perspective that only a profound historian possesses. But Kramer is not encumbered by his academic baggage; he writes well and vividly. I sometimes disagree with him but I always read carefully and learn something new or different. I strongly recommend the book for the professional and the lay reader."
--Itamar Rabinovich, president of the Israel Institute and former Israeli ambassador to the United States
"[Kramer] fearlessly and eloquently exposes the myths, half-truths, and outright lies that pervade the public discussion, and so inhibit public understanding, of the region he knows so well."
--Michael Mandelbaum, Christian A. Herter Professor of American Foreign Policy at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies
"Correcting error is the indispensable first step in stopping terror. No one writes better on the Middle East, its distorters and misinterpreters than Martin Kramer. He must be read--to be believed."
--Ruth R. Wisse, former professor of Yiddish and comparative literature, Harvard University
"What is the Talmudic spirit? It is to poke, probe and provoke, never to let received notions stand. Today's Middle East harbors more half-truths and willful misrepresentations than oil under its sands. Concepts like 'Orientalism' are ideologies posing as dispassionate scholarship. Islamism is a magnet for apologists blind to the region's cultural pathologies. Terrorism is transfigured into legitimate anti-colonialism, even though the Arab world has been independent for two, three generations. Martin Kramer has done the 'Talmudic' thing, exposing sloppy or mean-spirited thinking with an incisive mind and first-rate empirical research. This collection is required reading for anybody who prefers intellectual rigor to ideological obfuscation."
--Josef Joffe, fellow of the Hoover Institution and the Freeman-Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University
"Martin Kramer is a major scholarly contributor to the worldwide political debate about the contemporary Middle East. Not all will agree with his strong views, but they are always stimulating and challenging, and it is worth taking up such a challenge in the unprecedented chaos that the region has witnessed since 9/11, both within its ever-changing borders and in its complex relations with Europe and America."
--Gilles Kepel, professor at the Institut d'Etudes politiques de Paris (Sciences Po) and member of the Institut universitaire de France
"Martin Kramer, a preeminent and prolific scholar of the Middle East, provides expert and singularly clear-sighted insights into this crucial region. Whether writing about the history of the Arab-Israeli conflict, the West's relations with Islam, or the global struggle against terror, Kramer is at once deeply informed, courageous, and engaging."
--Michael Oren, member of Knesset and former Israeli ambassador to the United States
"The best antidote to academic assaults on Israel and false versions of Zionist history is Martin Kramer. These essays on Israel and on current Arab and Islamic politics show him at his best: a sharp, wise, and very funny guide. If you don't know Kramer, you're in for an intellectual feast."
--Elliott Abrams, senior fellow for Middle Eastern Studies, Council on Foreign Relations
"Martin Kramer spans an unusual range. He is a first-rate historian of the modern Middle East who is as masterful with social media as he is with the traditional archive. This new collection of essays and papers deals with the most current issues in Middle Eastern politics and policies from a perspective that only a profound historian possesses. But Kramer is not encumbered by his academic baggage; he writes well and vividly. I sometimes disagree with him but I always read carefully and learn something new or different. I strongly recommend the book for the professional and the lay reader."
--Itamar Rabinovich, president of the Israel Institute and former Israeli ambassador to the United States
"[Kramer] fearlessly and eloquently exposes the myths, half-truths, and outright lies that pervade the public discussion, and so inhibit public understanding, of the region he knows so well."
--Michael Mandelbaum, Christian A. Herter Professor of American Foreign Policy at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies
"Correcting error is the indispensable first step in stopping terror. No one writes better on the Middle East, its distorters and misinterpreters than Martin Kramer. He must be read--to be believed."
--Ruth R. Wisse, former professor of Yiddish and comparative literature, Harvard University
"What is the Talmudic spirit? It is to poke, probe and provoke, never to let received notions stand. Today's Middle East harbors more half-truths and willful misrepresentations than oil under its sands. Concepts like 'Orientalism' are ideologies posing as dispassionate scholarship. Islamism is a magnet for apologists blind to the region's cultural pathologies. Terrorism is transfigured into legitimate anti-colonialism, even though the Arab world has been independent for two, three generations. Martin Kramer has done the 'Talmudic' thing, exposing sloppy or mean-spirited thinking with an incisive mind and first-rate empirical research. This collection is required reading for anybody who prefers intellectual rigor to ideological obfuscation."
--Josef Joffe, fellow of the Hoover Institution and the Freeman-Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University
"Martin Kramer is a major scholarly contributor to the worldwide political debate about the contemporary Middle East. Not all will agree with his strong views, but they are always stimulating and challenging, and it is worth taking up such a challenge in the unprecedented chaos that the region has witnessed since 9/11, both within its ever-changing borders and in its complex relations with Europe and America."
--Gilles Kepel, professor at the Institut d'Etudes politiques de Paris (Sciences Po) and member of the Institut universitaire de France
"Martin Kramer, a preeminent and prolific scholar of the Middle East, provides expert and singularly clear-sighted insights into this crucial region. Whether writing about the history of the Arab-Israeli conflict, the West's relations with Islam, or the global struggle against terror, Kramer is at once deeply informed, courageous, and engaging."
--Michael Oren, member of Knesset and former Israeli ambassador to the United States
"The best antidote to academic assaults on Israel and false versions of Zionist history is Martin Kramer. These essays on Israel and on current Arab and Islamic politics show him at his best: a sharp, wise, and very funny guide. If you don't know Kramer, you're in for an intellectual feast."
--Elliott Abrams, senior fellow for Middle Eastern Studies, Council on Foreign Relations
"Martin Kramer spans an unusual range. He is a first-rate historian of the modern Middle East who is as masterful with social media as he is with the traditional archive. This new collection of essays and papers deals with the most current issues in Middle Eastern politics and policies from a perspective that only a profound historian possesses. But Kramer is not encumbered by his academic baggage; he writes well and vividly. I sometimes disagree with him but I always read carefully and learn something new or different. I strongly recommend the book for the professional and the lay reader."
--Itamar Rabinovich, president of the Israel Institute and former Israeli ambassador to the United States
"[Kramer] fearlessly and eloquently exposes the myths, half-truths, and outright lies that pervade the public discussion, and so inhibit public understanding, of the region he knows so well."
--Michael Mandelbaum, Christian A. Herter Professor of American Foreign Policy at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies
"Correcting error is the indispensable first step in stopping terror. No one writes better on the Middle East, its distorters and misinterpreters than Martin Kramer. He must be read--to be believed."
--Ruth R. Wisse, former professor of Yiddish and comparative literature, Harvard University
"What is the Talmudic spirit? It is to poke, probe and provoke, never to let received notions stand. Today's Middle East harbors more half-truths and willful misrepresentations than oil under its sands. Concepts like 'Orientalism' are ideologies posing as dispassionate scholarship. Islamism is a magnet for apologists blind to the region's cultural pathologies. Terrorism is transfigured into legitimate anti-colonialism, even though the Arab world has been independent for two, three generations. Martin Kramer has done the 'Talmudic' thing, exposing sloppy or mean-spirited thinking with an incisive mind and first-rate empirical research. This collection is required reading for anybody who prefers intellectual rigor to ideological obfuscation."
--Josef Joffe, fellow of the Hoover Institution and the Freeman-Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University
"Martin Kramer is a major scholarly contributor to the worldwide political debate about the contemporary Middle East. Not all will agree with his strong views, but they are always stimulating and challenging, and it is worth taking up such a challenge in the unprecedented chaos that the region has witnessed since 9/11, both within its ever-changing borders and in its complex relations with Europe and America."
--Gilles Kepel, professor at the Institut d'Etudes politiques de Paris (Sciences Po) and member of the Institut universitaire de France
"Martin Kramer, a preeminent and prolific scholar of the Middle East, provides expert and singularly clear-sighted insights into this crucial region. Whether writing about the history of the Arab-Israeli conflict, the West's relations with Islam, or the global struggle against terror, Kramer is at once deeply informed, courageous, and engaging."
--Michael Oren, member of Knesset and former Israeli ambassador to the United States--This text refers to the hardcover edition.
About the Author
Martin Kramer --This text refers to the hardcover edition.
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Product details
ASIN : B0GFPH1R4R
Publisher : Routledge
Accessibility : Learn more
Publication date : 8 September 2017
Print length : 322 pages
Customer Reviews:
4.7 4.7 out of 5 stars (10)
세진님, 요청하신 마틴 크레이머(Martin Kramer)의 저서 <오류와의 전쟁: 이스라엘, 이슬람, 그리고 중동 (The War on Error: Israel, Islam and the Middle East, 2016)>에 대한 요약과 평론, 그리고 질문해 주신 크레이머의 집필 의도와 지향점에 대한 분석입니다. 지침에 따라 본문은 <해라>체로 작성했습니다.
오류와의 전쟁 (The War on Error) 요약
1. 지식의 왜곡과 중동학 비판 (오리엔탈리즘의 재조명)
크레이머는 서구 대학가의 중동학이 에드워드 사이드의 <오리엔탈리즘> 이후 심각하게 정치화되고 타락했다고 진단한다. 전통 오리엔탈리즘 학자들은 제국주의의 앞잡이가 아니라 언어와 원전을 깊이 탐구한 학문적 선구자였음에도, 포스트모더니즘과 좌파 학계에 의해 악마화되었다고 주장한다. 이로 인해 학계가 현실 분석 능력을 상실하고 이슬람주의 세력에 대한 낭만적 환상과 변명만을 양산하게 되었다고 비판한다.
2. 이슬람주의와 아랍 정치에 대한 오독
저자는 9/11 이후 서구 지식인 사회와 미디어가 이슬람주의(Islamism)를 온건한 민주화 세력이나 식민주의에 대한 정당한 저항으로 포장하려 했다고 지적한다. 하마스나 헤즈볼라 같은 극단주의 무장 단체를 반제국주의 운동으로 미화하는 지식인들의 왜곡을 파헤치며, '아랍의 봄' 역시 민주주의의 승리가 아니라 종파 갈등과 독재의 악순환을 낳을 수밖에 없었던 구조적 한계를 짚어낸다.
3. 이스라엘 건국사 논쟁과 신역사학자 비판
이스라엘 역사 서술 부문에서 크레이머는 베니 모리스, 아리 샤빗 등 '신역사학자(New Historians)'와 수정주의자들의 주장을 정면으로 반박한다. 특히 1948년 제1차 중동전쟁 당시 릿다(Lydda) 사건 등을 분석하며, 이스라엘군이 조직적인 민간인 학살이나 계획된 인종청소를 자행했다는 비판자들의 주장은 사료를 자의적으로 왜곡한 '신화'에 불과하며, 당시 상황은 치열한 교전과 반란 진압 과정이었다고 변호한다.
4. 반시오니즘과 미국 내 담론 전쟁
크레이머는 '반시오니즘은 반유대주의와 다르다'는 비판자들의 논리를 반박하며, 마틴 루터 킹의 발언이나 역사적 맥락을 복원해 반시오니즘이 본질적으로 이스라엘의 존재 권리를 부정하는 차별적 담론임을 주장한다. 또한 2003년 이라크 전쟁의 배후에 '이스라엘 로비'가 있었다는 미어샤이머와 월트 등의 주장을 강하게 비판하며, 미국 유대인 사회와 이스라엘 간의 관계를 둘러싼 음모론을 조목조목 반박한다.
평론 및 크레이머의 궁극적 의도 분석
1. 비판적 평론: '팩트체크'를 앞세운 정교한 시오니즘 옹호론
<오류와의 전쟁>은 버나드 루이스와 엘리 케두리의 보수적 오리엔탈리즘 계보를 잇는 정통 우파 역사학자의 반격이다. 크레이머의 강점은 방대한 1차 사료와 치밀한 고증, 그리고 날카로운 필력에 있다. 그는 주류 학계가 이념적 도그마에 빠져 간과했던 사실적 오류들을 날카롭게 짚어내며, 지적 나태함에 빠진 포스트식민주의 학계를 통렬하게 공격한다.
그러나 이 책의 치명적인 한계는 스스로를 '엄정한 팩트체커'로 규정하면서도, 그 검증의 칼날이 오직 이스라엘 비판 세력과 팔레스타인 민족주의, 그리고 서구 좌파 지식인들에게만 향해 있다는 점이다. 크레이머가 '오류(Error)'라고 규정한 대상들은 대부분 이스라엘의 도덕적 정당성에 흠집을 내는 역사적 주장들이며, 정작 초기 시오니즘 세력이 행한 배타적 정착 정책이나 팔레스타인인들의 구조적 박탈에 대해서는 침묵하거나 전쟁의 불가피성으로 정당화한다. 결과적으로 이 책은 순수한 학술적 교정의 결과물이라기보다, 이스라엘의 정당성을 방어하기 위해 기획된 고도의 '지적 방어벽' 성격을 띤다.
2. 크레이머는 주로 이스라엘을 방어하고 그 비판자들을 공격하려 하는가?
질문하신 바와 같이, 크레이머의 주된 의도는 이스라엘을 방어하고 이스라엘 비판론자들의 학문적 신뢰성을 무너뜨리는 데 있다.
학문적 공격의 방향성: 크레이머가 책 전체에서 공격하는 표적(에드워드 사이드, 서구 중동학계, 이스라엘 신역사학자, 이스라엘 로비 비판론자 등)은 모두 이스라엘에 비판적인 서사를 생산해 온 주체들이다.
담론의 탈정치화 시도: 이스라엘-팔레스타인 갈등을 '정의와 억압의 문제'가 아니라 '비판자들의 사실 왜곡과 오류의 문제'로 환원시킴으로써, 이스라엘에 가해지는 도덕적 비판을 무력화하려는 전략을 취한다.
친이스라엘 싱크탱크 및 정체성: 크레이머 본인이 워싱턴 근동정책연구소(WINEP)와 예루살렘 샬렘 칼리지(Shalem College) 등 네오콘 및 우파 시오니즘 성향의 기관에서 활동해 온 학자라는 점은, 그의 학문적 작업이 이스라엘 국가의 대외적 정당성을 확보하는 공공외교(Hasbara) 및 지적 방어 전략과 깊이 맞닿아 있음을 보여준다.
결론적으로 <오류와의 전쟁>은 현대 중동학의 이념적 편향을 짚어내는 데 있어 귀중한 실증적 반론을 제공하지만, 그 자체 역시 확고한 친이스라엘·신보수주의적 시각에서 집필된 고도의 이념적 저작이라 할 수 있다.
혹시 크레이머가 다룬 특정 쟁점(예: 1948년 릿다 사건 고증, 에드워드 사이드와의 논쟁 등)에 대해 더 깊이 있는 내용이 필요하신가요?
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