The Talmud: The Secret History of Judaism's Fundamental Book - History Documentary - AT
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The Talmud is the most important work of Jewish culture. Yet this true heritage of humanity remains to this day an object of curiosity, shrouded in mystery and largely unknown.
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00:00 Talmud, Monument of Jewish Knowledge
05:01 Importance of the Talmud
10:12 Compilation of the Mishna
20:12 Migration of the Talmud
30:06 Talmudic Dispersion to Venice
40:27 Talmudic Studies Post-World War II
50:08 Women and Their Place in Talmudic Study
52:29 The Symbolism of the Talmud and the Internet
54:19 The Importance of the Talmud in Jewish History
55:08 A Wacky Dialogue About Chimney Sweeps and Music
"Talmud, One Book, One People"
Director: Pierre-Henry SALFATI
Produced by: ARTE FRANCE, 13 PRODUCTIONS
© ARTE FRANCE - 13 PRODUCTIONS - 2006
Transcript
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Chapter 1: Talmud monument du savoir juif
0:3232 secondsThat is the question.
0:3333 secondsTwo chimney sweeps come out of a chimney, one comes out completely black and the other completely white. The question then is which of the two will wash? What ? Well, obviously, the one that's all black,
0:4242 secondsthat makes sense, right?
0:4444 secondsI'm sorry, you're not cut out to understand what the Talmud contains. I'm not made to understand. And why? But you don't think about the one that came out.
0:5151 secondsEvery black person sees that the other person came out all white, so of course, he believes that he is white.
0:5555 secondsYou mean to tell me that the one who came out all white sees that the other one is all black? So he thinks he's as black as he is. And so the one who is white goes to wash. Not the black one.
1:031 minute, 3 secondsNo, you definitely don't think about the one who is white, who thinks he is black.
1:071 minute, 7 secondsWe see a black man who thinks he is white while the black man sends a white man who thinks he is black. Yes, okay, in that case,
1:151 minute, 15 secondsthen neither of you should go and wash, and why not both of you should go and wash?
1:191 minute, 19 secondsYes, I ask the same question, you ask the same question, you ask the same question.
1:231 minute, 23 secondsBut since when do you want a chimney sweep to come out of the same chimney in all white and a second in all black? Yes, yes, that's a good question.
1:301 minute, 30 secondsThat's a good question, isn't it? The Talmud is not just a riddle book. It's much worse than that.
1:371 minute, 37 secondsOr even better. A matter of point of view. They are the bad guys,
1:431 minute, 43 secondsbut there are never any men. A question of point of view,
1:511 minute, 51 secondslike that of the Orthodox Jews who have made the Talmud their daily bread,
1:551 minute, 55 secondsquestioning the Bible on the slightest of its paradoxes. Does Adam have a navel,
2:022 minutes, 2 secondshe who has no parents? Did the fish survive the flood? Why did Jacob's angels need a ladder?
2:112 minutes, 11 secondsAnd if God can create the world in six days, why couldn't he do it in one or even one hour,
2:182 minutes, 18 secondsor better, in an instant? Another kind of riddle, in short, because under the guise of understanding the Bible,
2:252 minutes, 25 secondsthe Talmud is concerned with questioning it in every possible way.
2:332 minutes, 33 secondsThe word Talmud is an abbreviation of the phrase Talmud Torah , or simply Torah study.
2:412 minutes, 41 secondsThe Torah being the Hebrew name for the Pentateuch, the first five books of the Bible.
2:472 minutes, 47 secondsThe volumes that make up the Talmud contain centuries of discussions among rabbis on the interpretation of contradictions in the biblical text.
2:572 minutes, 57 secondsFor them, the Bible would be nothing more than an immense metaphor from which it would be appropriate to extract a user guide for everyday life.
3:073 minutes, 7 secondsSuffice to say that they had to use a formidable methodology to succeed in deciphering the laws of food in the myth of the forbidden fruit .
3:183 minutes, 18 secondsIn that of the Tower of Babel.
3:203 minutes, 20 secondsThe foundations of linguistics and the story of the exodus from Egypt. The principles of the freedom of peoples.
3:283 minutes, 28 secondsWithout the Torah, there would be no Talmud,
3:313 minutes, 31 secondsbut without the Talmud, the Torah would keep many of its mysteries to itself.
3:383 minutes, 38 secondsIt is customary in synagogues, three times a week,
3:423 minutes, 42 secondsto open the Torah scrolls and bring the biblical text to life by reading it.
3:503 minutes, 50 secondsThere are waves.
3:573 minutes, 57 secondsBut bringing texts to life also means discovering their possible interpretations. This is the part of the Talmud.
4:104 minutes, 10 secondsOver the centuries, interpretations of the wise have accumulated. Also, more than a book,
4:164 minutes, 16 secondsthe Talmud presents itself more as an assembly of several books succeeding one another over time.
4:244 minutes, 24 secondsA book within a book. In the book, almost indefinitely. A book without a separate author.
4:334 minutes, 33 secondsA book of which all the wise men of all time are the authors.
4:384 minutes, 38 secondsNot a single field of human knowledge will be left out, for the Torah itself contains them all, even if this is not apparent at first glance.
4:504 minutes, 50 secondsThe Talmud says My teaching is like the sea. You must dive into it to learn to swim.
4:584 minutes, 58 secondsSo it is with the Torah. Only those who dive into it, running the risk of drowning,
Chapter 2: Importance du Talmud
5:055 minutes, 5 secondswill be able to learn what it is. An ocean of light. This is how the Talmud views the Torah.
5:135 minutes, 13 secondsHe immerses himself in it to discover its depths. As they question,
5:195 minutes, 19 secondsthey end up touching on the fundamental subjects of the first cause, the links between the ephemeral and eternity,
5:265 minutes, 26 secondsand so many other essential dimensions that philosophy and science will also deal with in their own way. But far from austerity,
5:355 minutes, 35 secondsphilosophy and science, the Talmud also knows how to laugh at itself. I'm starting again, I'm starting again.
5:455 minutes, 45 secondsThe one who is white sends a black man who sees a white man who thinks he is black and the one who is black sends a white man who sees a black man who thinks he is white in common.
5:545 minutes, 54 secondsIt's simple, it's not so simple. But no, it's simple.
5:575 minutes, 57 secondsThe one who is white sees clearly that his hand is white and the one who is black sees clearly that his hand is black. What do you want to tell me?
6:046 minutes, 4 secondsWhoever sees that his hand is clean, should not wash?
6:066 minutes, 6 secondsYes, and whoever sees that his hand is dirty should wash it. Too easy.
6:126 minutes, 12 secondsSo you know, you can be clean and still want to wash.
6:156 minutes, 15 secondsYou can be dirty and not feel like washing at all. Look at yourself for example. It is 70 AD.
6:256 minutes, 25 secondsTitus had the temple in Jerusalem razed and Roman troops occupied the holy city. The wise men, for the most part,
6:336 minutes, 33 secondstook refuge in the north, in Galilee, in Tiberias. In reaction to the Roman invasion, eager to put an end to Judaism,
6:426 minutes, 42 secondsa group of sages undertook one of the most remarkable developments of this Jewish culture by deciding to develop the Talmud,
6:516 minutes, 51 secondsunder the aegis of Rabbi Yehuda Nasi,
6:546 minutes, 54 secondsspiritual leader of the Jewish people at the time, a light among his own.
6:586 minutes, 58 secondsHe rests today in the heart of Galilee, in the very cradle of his work, the Talmud.
7:097 minutes, 9 secondsUntil then, the wise, generation after generation,
7:127 minutes, 12 secondsrepeated from memory the dialogues of the old masters to which their own commentaries were added.
7:187 minutes, 18 secondsA kind of collective memory that risked ending up being dispersed and lost given the ever-
7:267 minutes, 26 secondsincreasing volume of opinions. To avoid such a tragedy.
7:307 minutes, 30 secondsRabbi Yehuda Hannachi took the initiative to compile in writing nearly two centuries of teachings that had until then remained transmitted by memory.
7:427 minutes, 42 seconds He decided on the framework, form and limits of this first sum and named it Mishna.
7:517 minutes, 51 secondsMishna meaning repetition because it was a matter of repeating seven times in writing what memory was no longer sufficient to retain.
8:008 minutesThis enormous work was not completed until two centuries after his death.
8:048 minutes, 4 secondsThe Mishnah consists of the first part of the Talmud and will therefore be completed in 220 CE.
8:118 minutes, 11 secondsThe Talmud will be organized according to the arrangement that Rabbi Yehuda gave to the Mishna: six orders covering the entire range of knowledge, six orders,
8:238 minutes, 23 secondsthemselves divided into 63 treatises, themselves divided into 523 chapters,
8:298 minutes, 29 secondswhich make the biblical text a true treatise on life. God made the world in six days.
8:368 minutes, 36 secondsRabbi Yehuda arranged it in six orders, six orders, like the six directions of the world,
8:438 minutes, 43 secondssix orders like the six days of creation,
8:478 minutes, 47 secondssix orders which condense all that the Spirit of man can avail itself of. In six orders.
8:568 minutes, 56 secondsThe Talmud claims to encompass all possible knowledge, as if directions define the limits of a universe.
9:049 minutes, 4 secondsSix handwritten orders that became the reference for the laws and customs of the Jewish world.
9:099 minutes, 9 secondsSix Order which offers nothing less than a user guide to the world.
9:169 minutes, 16 secondsAnd Rahim the order of seeds where the laws of germination and therefore the principles of vitality in all its forms and modes are debated.
9:269 minutes, 26 secondsthe Order of Feasts where the laws of time, the calendar and festive ceremonies are debated.
9:339 minutes, 33 secondsNassim the Order of Women where the laws of matrimonial law and civil law in general are discussed.
9:419 minutes, 41 secondsNemesis Quinn. The Order of Damages is debated there, Penal, Civil and Criminal Legislation and the laws of idolatry.
9:519 minutes, 51 secondsCauda, Chem. the Order of Saints. The laws of the temple of Jerusalem. Its measurements, its architecture,
9:599 minutes, 59 secondsits organization and its service. Theodotus.
10:0310 minutes, 3 secondsThe Order of Purities debates all the laws of ritual purity. But the development of the Talmud does not stop.
Chapter 3: Compilation de la Mishna
10:1210 minutes, 12 secondsThe wise continue to perpetually question the text.
10:1610 minutes, 16 secondsThe Mishna will gradually be augmented by new questions which accumulate over the centuries,
10:2310 minutes, 23 secondswhich will be given the name Gemara. Gemara means complement.
10:2810 minutes, 28 secondsOver time, this supplement will take a largely predominant place to the point of representing more than 90% of the entire Talmud.
10:3710 minutes, 37 secondsThus, from the third to the seventh century,
10:4010 minutes, 40 secondsthe following Talmud, the six orders initiated by Rabbi and/or Hannachi, will take its complete form.
10:4710 minutes, 47 secondsThe Mishnah in Hebrew, followed by the Gemara in Aramaic, the language spoken by all the Talmudists of the time.
10:5810 minutes, 58 secondsFollowing the Roman invasion, many Jewish sages settled in Babylonian territory.
11:0411 minutes, 4 secondsThis explains why the Talmud developed in parallel in two places, Israel and Babylon,
11:1111 minutes, 11 secondswhich gave birth to two Talmuds.
11:1411 minutes, 14 secondsThe one developed in the land of Israel will be called Talmud Yerushalmi, Talmud of Jerusalem, the one developed in Babylon.
11:2311 minutes, 23 secondsTalmud, Babli. Their essential difference lies in their method.
11:3111 minutes, 31 secondsThe one in Jerusalem favors the conclusions of the wise men. The one from Babylon favors questioning.
11:4011 minutes, 40 secondsAnd this is precisely the questioning we choose.
11:4211 minutes, 42 secondsThe future Talmudic schools that still study the Babylonian Talmud today.
11:5111 minutes, 51 secondsSo, for millennia, wherever it is found, Jewish children have grown up with this art of questioning.
11:5911 minutes, 59 secondsThe Talmud is the book of the question par excellence. Who has questions? A rabbi once asked.
12:0812 minutes, 8 secondsI have so many answers. He was referring to his Talmud,
12:1412 minutes, 14 secondsbut the Talmud does not just answer questions.
12:1812 minutes, 18 secondsIt forges the mind to dialectics which can sometimes take unexpected turns. But the one who is white, he can.
12:2612 minutes, 26 secondsBeing another chimney to sweep, especially if it's not the end of the day. So why was there everything right away?
12:3312 minutes, 33 secondsHowever, we may want to wash, even if we don't see that we are dirty.
12:3812 minutes, 38 secondsIn fact, we feel dirty, we can feel dirty, we always feel dirty. No, no, no, but now you're talking to me about a neurotic,
12:4412 minutes, 44 secondsa neurotic chimney sweep who always feels dirty, obsessed with cleanliness. Finally, this is according to the Babylonian Talmud,
12:5212 minutes, 52 secondssince the Jerusalem Talmud does not bother with so many detours.
12:5512 minutes, 55 secondsYou know that well, so maybe the white one just comes from Jerusalem.
12:5912 minutes, 59 secondsAnd the black one comes from Babylon, right? What do you think?
13:1113 minutes, 11 secondsIt took six centuries to bring the Talmud to fruition.
13:1513 minutes, 15 secondsSix centuries to condense what would become the most unique collection of endless dialogue on all the world's subjects ever assembled.
13:2713 minutes, 27 secondsUntil today.
13:2813 minutes, 28 secondsA page of the Talmud is made up in its center of the whole formed by the Mishna and the Gemara.
13:3513 minutes, 35 secondsVarious comments surround them,
13:3813 minutes, 38 secondssubsequent comments which have become essential to their understanding.
13:4213 minutes, 42 secondsToday, students of Yeshiva and Talmudic schools perpetuate the dialogue between the rabbis of the first centuries and their successors.
13:5213 minutes, 52 secondsBut despite everything, getting back to digging has failed. With the orchid. It happens.
13:5813 minutes, 58 secondsEven though she shaped a magic pineapple.
14:0414 minutes, 4 secondsImmediately my machine pulls Chinese. Phew ! Within the Yeshiva.
14:1014 minutes, 10 secondsThe art of controversy is at the service of the study of everyday practical law. But above all,
14:1714 minutes, 17 secondsthe Talmud develops the spirit of analysis, sharpens critical sense, pushes the boundaries of the absurd as far as possible,
14:2514 minutes, 25 secondsalways with the aim of making thought and its contradictions optimal. Dora Rabat, Lola jumps,
14:3314 minutes, 33 secondswho walked, saves like this.
14:3614 minutes, 36 secondsStudents will discover the intellectual prowess by which the Talmud deduces from biblical stories and their apparent
14:4314 minutes, 43 secondsparadox or anachronism their impact on practical daily life.
14:4814 minutes, 48 secondsThe biblical text is also perceived as a metaphor because the Hebrew language is a language of drawers.
14:5514 minutes, 55 secondsA single word can have several meanings, and therefore several levels of interpretation. It doesn't matter that Adam had a belly button.
15:0315 minutes, 3 secondsAdam, in Hebrew, means I am blood and Eve I am alive.
15:1115 minutes, 11 secondsBeyond the meeting of a man and a woman, it is the meeting of flesh and vitality.
15:1915 minutes, 19 secondsHow vitality enters the body through the blood. Everything I eat turns to blood, says the Talmud. And curiously,
15:2815 minutes, 28 secondsthe laws of food are based on the story of Adam and Eve. That was the first thing they did.
15:3515 minutes, 35 secondsOnce created, they began to eat like a newborn baby, barely out of its mother's womb.
15:4415 minutes, 44 secondsEating involves paying attention to what you eat, says the Talmud. Thus, from the simple story of Adam,
15:5215 minutes, 52 secondsEve and an unknown fruit, dietary rules are discovered which, beyond simple dietetics,
16:0016 minutesdefine a link between man and the world. So, face to face, like duelists,
16:0716 minutes, 7 secondsthe apprentice Talmudists confront their opinions, hone their art of dialogue,
16:1316 minutes, 13 secondsperpetuating the tradition of questioning which is not without a certain sense of play. But wait, wait! Since when does one spell black and another white?
16:2216 minutes, 22 secondsIt's a trap. Surely a trap. They both have to come out black. What ? No, no.
16:2916 minutes, 29 secondsThe first one who goes out the chimney just has to collect all the soot. You mean the passage is clean for the second one? So the first one comes out all black and the second one all white?
16:3716 minutes, 37 secondsToo easy!
16:3816 minutes, 38 secondsAnd you think the Talmud asks such a subtle question for such a simple answer? I don't believe anything. I'm trying to understand, I'm trying to understand.
16:4616 minutes, 46 secondsYou try to understand, you try to understand. Okay, I'll start again. Two chimney sweeps come out of a chimney. A completely black one.
16:5316 minutes, 53 secondsA completely white one. So which one of the two is going to wash?
17:0217 minutes, 2 secondsBut the true greatness of this book is that it is also the story of a people. The Talmud tells of Jews and Jews.
17:1217 minutes, 12 secondsThe Talmud.
17:2117 minutes, 21 secondsIt is during the wanderings of the Jewish people that the book and its history will be shaped.
17:2617 minutes, 26 secondsThat of its content is also mixed with that of its invention, its manuscripts, its imprimatur.
17:3417 minutes, 34 secondsThe history of the Talmud must be seen as the history of a people.
17:4017 minutes, 40 secondsFrom Sinai, Moses received the Torah from Sinai and not at Sinai.
17:4617 minutes, 46 secondsThe Talmud points out that Sinai itself was the instigator of the giving of the Torah to Moses and of Moses to men.
17:5617 minutes, 56 secondsThe nuance no longer makes Sinai a simple mountain.
18:0118 minutes, 1 secondBut there is an intimate link between the word Sinai and the word sina which means hatred.
18:1218 minutes, 12 secondsHate. Moses received the Torah, says the Talmud. But what is it about?
18:1818 minutes, 18 secondsThis is how we should interpret the things of hatred between men.
18:2418 minutes, 24 secondsThe need for the Torah Torah, the book of peace, is imposed.
18:3718 minutes, 37 secondsPerpetual cadence that rocks, undulates and rocks. Jews, generation after generation,
18:4618 minutes, 46 secondsbeat an endless measure marking the oscillations of a pendulum that measures time to the rhythm of the pages of Talmud studied.
18:5718 minutes, 57 secondsThe Talmud is a flame that penetrates the mind,
19:0119 minutes, 1 seconda flame that transmits to the body its uninterrupted, immutable, eternal movement, in the rhythm of life,
19:1019 minutes, 10 secondslike the beating of a heart. According to Talmudic anatomy,
19:1719 minutes, 17 secondsthese oscillations promote both concentration and memorization. In one direction the valves open,
19:2519 minutes, 25 secondsin the other they close in one direction, understanding is activated in the other. Memorization.
19:3619 minutes, 36 secondsBut during the 19th century, the decline of Babylon,
19:3919 minutes, 39 secondswhich followed the decline of Roman Palestine, forced the Talmudists to emigrate to other lands.
19:4719 minutes, 47 secondsDuring their journey,
19:4919 minutes, 49 secondsmultitudes of works will continue the work of the first Talmudists.
19:5419 minutes, 54 secondsJewish libraries will continue to be enriched by the questions of those who strive to contribute to its perpetual invention.
20:0320 minutes, 3 secondsThe Talmud remains throughout the ages an uninterrupted creative process.
Chapter 4: Migration du Talmud
20:1220 minutes, 12 secondsFrom Jerusalem and Babylon. The Talmud begins its long exile. Constantinople. Thessaloniki.
20:2020 minutes, 20 secondsCorfu. Messina. Syracuse. The African coast. The Jews spread all along the Mediterranean,
20:2920 minutes, 29 secondsreached the shores of Italy, slowly moved up the Adriatic coast, reached the French shores and the Iberian Peninsula,
20:3720 minutes, 37 secondscarrying with them their precious book as their main baggage.
20:4220 minutes, 42 secondsThe Talmud quickly became the bearer of Jewish memory throughout the Diaspora, and its study proved to be the only true home for a people without refuge, without a real home base.
20:5420 minutes, 54 secondsIn fact, the pleasure of study was to compensate for the misfortunes of wandering.
20:5920 minutes, 59 secondsAttachment to books compensated for detachment from the earth. In the absence of a promised land, the Talmud was the compensation.
21:0821 minutes, 8 secondsThus was founded in the Rhineland in the 10th century between Speyer, Worms and Mainz,
21:1321 minutes, 13 secondsthe most important Talmudic centre since Tiberias, Jerusalem and Babylon. The most illustrious masters met there.
21:2421 minutes, 24 secondsTheir reputation was such that they attracted there the one who would become the most illustrious of all. Rashi.
21:3321 minutes, 33 secondsBorn in 1040 in Troyes, France. Rabbi Shlomo Benny Rashad Sarfati,
21:3921 minutes, 39 secondsknown as Rashi, joined Worms as a young student and remained there for several years.
21:4621 minutes, 46 secondsRashi was to become the most popular, but also the most phenomenal, rabbi of his time. Phenomenal for his phenomenal knowledge,
21:5521 minutes, 55 secondsfor his contribution to Talmudic culture. It was here, in the Yeshiva of Worms,
22:0222 minutes, 2 secondsthat he continued his training until he became an eminent master. This is evidenced by this chair which would have been his, embedded in the stone,
22:1022 minutes, 10 secondsas his teaching will be in the building of the Talmud as we know it today. There was to be the Talmud before Rashi and the Talmud after Rashi,
22:2122 minutes, 21 secondsso much so that even today we can no longer dissociate Rashi's glosses from the original text of the Talmud.
22:2922 minutes, 29 secondsA book within a book.
22:3222 minutes, 32 secondsAround the text of the Mishnah and the Gemara, which occupies the center of each page of the Talmud, is printed Rashi's commentary, which has become indispensable to the study,
22:4422 minutes, 44 secondsbecause it clarifies a corpus that has become somewhat chaotic due to its numerous revisions.
22:5522 minutes, 55 secondsRashi, the child prodigy recognized by Jewish and non-Jewish scholars of his time for his immense erudition,
23:0123 minutes, 1 secondcontributed to the recognition of the universal spirit of the Talmud. It was at the age of three in Champagne that, having grown old,
23:1023 minutes, 10 secondshe began his work. There he founded a school that would be a landmark.
23:1423 minutes, 14 secondsHis disciples will develop Talmudic questioning to a point that even today one can no longer study it without referring to Rashi; the Talmud,
23:2523 minutes, 25 secondsalready timeless, becomes universal. But let's imagine that it is night, as Rashi says, then the white man can see that he is white,
23:3323 minutes, 33 secondsbut the black man will have more difficulty. But if black is not visible, he might just conclude that it is black. Yes, but white too.
23:4123 minutes, 41 secondsWhich means it doesn't have to be daylight to go and wash.
23:4523 minutes, 45 secondsThis is exactly what Rashi says. Do you think so? Honestly, no.
23:5723 minutes, 57 secondsAn ocean of light. If the Torah reflects divine light,
24:0324 minutes, 3 secondsthe Talmud channels this light.
24:0724 minutes, 7 secondsAnd tames it like the sea tames the fire of the sun. To
24:1424 minutes, 14 secondsimmerse oneself in the Talmud is to tame the divine fire.
24:2024 minutes, 20 secondsBut it is not necessarily an escape from the consuming fire of the world.
24:2524 minutes, 25 secondsIn 1240, Nicholas, a converted French Jew who had become a Dominican,
24:3324 minutes, 33 secondsdenounced to Pope Gregory IX the errors and falsifications he attributed to the Talmud. In his opinion,
24:4024 minutes, 40 secondsit contained blasphemies against Christ, the Virgin Mary, the angels and the saints of the Church.
24:4724 minutes, 47 secondsGregory IX, who had already established the rules of the papal inquisition, considered it his duty to pursue heretics.
24:5624 minutes, 56 secondsThe Vatican expressly asked the King of France, Louis IX, known as Saint Louis,
25:0125 minutes, 1 secondto put an end to the perfidy of the Jews by suppressing all copies of the Talmud.
25:0625 minutes, 6 secondsSaint Louis ordered that all Jewish manuscripts be thrown into the fire.
25:1325 minutes, 13 secondsThe burning of the Talmud took place in 1244 in Paris.
25:1725 minutes, 17 secondsHe was followed by many others. In the following years, in accordance with royal legislation,
25:2325 minutes, 23 secondsthe Talmud was solemnly condemned on May 15, 1248, as a blasphemous work of the devil.
25:3125 minutes, 31 secondsThe repression was so violent that it put an end to the French Talmudists.
25:4025 minutes, 40 secondsAnd the Talmud continues its wandering, this time as far as Spain.
25:4625 minutes, 46 secondsSince the 9th century, the date of the decline of Babylon, Spain has been Muslim.
25:5225 minutes, 52 secondsYet, not one of these great cities is not home to some eminent Talmudists. Cordoba. Toledo.
26:0026 minutesSeville. Barcelona. Grenade.
26:0426 minutes, 4 secondsThe Jews lived there in perfect tranquility and the study of the Talmud flourished.
26:1026 minutes, 10 secondsAs evidenced by the Cathedral of Cordoba, built in the heart of the old mosque. Andalusia.
26:1626 minutes, 16 secondsFrom this period still remains the symbol of harmony between communities. In those times, Muslims,
26:2326 minutes, 23 secondsChristians and Jews got along well. In the shadow of the mosque,
26:3026 minutes, 30 secondsin the shadow of the church, in the alleys of the Scuderia, in the heart of the Talmudic community,
26:3726 minutes, 37 secondsa new light will dawn. Moses Maimonides.
26:4626 minutes, 46 secondsRises like a star in the firmament of the Andalusian golden age. Born in Cordoba in 1135,
26:5326 minutes, 53 secondshe would become the highest intellectual figure of medieval Spanish Judaism.
27:0227 minutes, 2 secondsThese works, including The Guide for the Perplexed, have acquired great importance in the eyes of all,
27:0927 minutes, 9 secondsJews, Muslims and Christians. His Code of Law.
27:1427 minutes, 14 secondsThe Mishna Torah has played a major role in the writings of philosophers of all stripes and religious scholars of all persuasions for generations.
27:2827 minutes, 28 secondsWhoever reads my book will know the whole Torah and all its commentaries, said Maimonides of his Mishna Torah.
27:3727 minutes, 37 secondsRashi in France and Maimonides in Spain were both driven by the same concern for universality.
27:4527 minutes, 45 secondsBoth wanted to take the Talmud out of the synagogue and make it available to as many people as possible.
27:5927 minutes, 59 secondsWhat to ask for. More ?
28:0328 minutes, 3 secondsBut while Rashi is concerned with clarifying the method,
28:0728 minutes, 7 secondsMaimonides abandons it and only favors the conclusions of the ancient masters to arrive at a practical Torah.
28:1728 minutes, 17 seconds My aim is to be as concise as it is complete, says Maimonides,
28:2428 minutes, 24 secondsso that the reader may be directly directed to all that has been instituted and confirmed by the Talmud,
28:3228 minutes, 32 secondswithout having to deal with all the discussions of the sages which might disturb his reasoning.
28:3828 minutes, 38 secondsAll this so that no one needs any other book than mine. Astronomer. Mathematician, botanist,
28:4728 minutes, 47 secondsphysician to Saladin.
28:4828 minutes, 48 secondsMaimonides spent his life advising the great of his time as well as the most humble.
28:5428 minutes, 54 secondsThrough his genius, he revealed to the world how universal Talmudic science could be. He
29:0229 minutes, 2 secondsrests in Tiberias, the very place where the Talmud was born. Maimonides thus joins his illustrious ancestors.
29:1329 minutes, 13 secondsIt was not until the beginning of the 13th century that Christians joined forces to retake Spain from the Muslims. This is the Reconquista.
29:2229 minutes, 22 secondsThe unification of Spain followed the marriage of Isabella the Catholic and Ferdinand of Aragon in 1474.
29:3029 minutes, 30 secondsIt resulted in the definitive expulsion of Muslims in January 1492 .
29:3729 minutes, 37 secondsCaught in the turmoil of the resurgent Inquisition on the orders of the Vatican. The Jews were also expelled from Spain the same year.
29:4529 minutes, 45 secondsThey flee, saving their only real wealth from disaster. The Talmud.
29:5329 minutes, 53 secondsDriven out of Spain, the Jews and their Talmud disperse. Among the preferred destinations, Venice.
30:0230 minutes, 2 secondsWhy does God scatter his people across the face of the earth? Ask the disciple. So that the light of his Torah may illuminate.
Chapter 5: Talmudic dispersion to Venice
30:1030 minutes, 10 secondsEverywhere, replies the wise man.
30:1430 minutes, 14 secondsAnd for this, the Jews are driven out violently, retorts the disciple. The greater the light,
30:2130 minutes, 21 secondsthe more painful its birth. The wise man replies, his eyes filled with tears.
30:2930 minutes, 29 secondsVenice enjoys relative independence from the Church.
30:3230 minutes, 32 secondsHowever, it will be the first ghetto in history at the end of the 15th century.
30:3730 minutes, 37 secondsGhetto Venetian word coming from the Italian jetta, because it was in the place where unused foundry pieces were thrown that the Doge of Venice agreed to let the Jews settle.
30:5430 minutes, 54 secondsI don't see. But at the same time. Venice becomes a veritable breeding ground for Talmudists.
31:0431 minutes, 4 secondsOn the other hand, it is true that life in Venice is an essential stage in the history of the Talmud.
31:1131 minutes, 11 secondsThis is where the full text will be printed for the first time. The year is 1519.
31:2631 minutes, 26 secondsThe Vatican, which prescribed the Talmud throughout Italy under penalty of the rigors of the Inquisition,
31:3231 minutes, 32 secondscould not prevent the Doge from authorizing the imprimatur of Jewish books on its territory.
31:3731 minutes, 37 secondsIt was on the presses of the Christian printer Daniel Bromberg that,
31:4231 minutes, 42 secondspage after page, one of the most colossal undertakings in the history of printing was carried out.
31:4931 minutes, 49 secondsNearly ten thousand pages examined under a magnifying glass by teams of eminent Talmudists aware of producing a unique work as important as it was hoped for.
32:0032 minutesFrom fifteen 119 to fifteen 123.
32:0332 minutes, 3 secondsFive years of labor were necessary for the Talmud to become a book from manuscripts.
32:1032 minutes, 10 secondsBromberg doesn't look at the expense.
32:1332 minutes, 13 secondsAnxious that his edition of the Talmud should achieve perfection, his work was to be a landmark,
32:2032 minutes, 20 secondssince it remained the only reference for nearly four centuries. All the editions that followed.
32:2832 minutes, 28 secondsAmong the most famous, Basel, Pesaro, Amsterdam, Munich, Frankfurt,
32:3332 minutes, 33 secondsKrakow, up to the definitive one in Vilna in the 19th century, would be inspired by those of Bromberg. Bromberg's
32:4332 minutes, 43 secondsmastery of craftsmanship determined the appearance of the pages of the Talmud for the rest of time,
32:5132 minutes, 51 secondsgiving it this appearance that was at once sober, simple, minimalist, without the slightest embellishment.
32:5732 minutes, 57 secondsBy going to the heart of the text following a very particular geometry, the Bamberg edition fixed the pagination.
33:0533 minutes, 5 secondsThe text of the Mishna and the Gemara occupies the center of each folio in square writing around which are
33:1233 minutes, 12 secondsdistributed the glosses of Rashi and those of his students in semi-cursive characters. With Bamberg.
33:1933 minutes, 19 secondsIn the 16th century, the Talmud became a work of art.
33:2733 minutes, 27 secondsHowever, the institution of censorship by the Vatican forced Bromberg to put an end to his activity and leave Venice in 1546.
33:3733 minutes, 37 secondsThe Church, which could not attack the Bible without attacking itself, raged against the Talmud.
33:4333 minutes, 43 secondsIn his eyes, the Jews are no longer the people of the Bible,
33:4733 minutes, 47 secondsbut the people of the Talmud cultivating an anti-Christian spirit, a diabolical spirit.
33:5533 minutes, 55 secondsAny arguments that the Church raises against the Talmud and its contents will obviously prove to be unfounded.
34:0834 minutes, 8 secondsIn the second half of the 16th century,
34:1134 minutes, 11 secondsthe Church, engaged in the Counter-Reformation and against the liberal spirit of the Renaissance,
34:1634 minutes, 16 secondsdemanded strict observance of the faith and developed an intransigence towards the Jewish community, accused of anti-Christianity.
34:2934 minutes, 29 secondsMany monasteries still have copies of the books confiscated at that time.
34:4934 minutes, 49 secondsJewish books have always remained sulphurous for the Church and incapable of being able to read them, to decipher their mysteries.
34:5734 minutes, 57 secondsThe Vatican will not just confiscate or censor them.
35:0735 minutes, 7 secondsBut in 1553, the Vatican again issued the order to burn Jewish books.
35:1835 minutes, 18 secondsAll the Jewish houses in Rome were searched.
35:2235 minutes, 22 secondsAnd on the Campo di Fiori the auto-da-fé took place. It was September 9, 1553, Rosh Hashanah, the day of the Jewish New Year.
35:3435 minutes, 34 secondsA few weeks later in Venice, on Shabbat, October 21, in San Marcos Square.
35:4035 minutes, 40 secondsIn the words of the papal nuncio, a good fire put an end to blasphemy.
35:4635 minutes, 46 secondsMore than a thousand Talmuds were burned.
35:5135 minutes, 51 secondsThe history of the Talmud is also the history of the difficulties of a text to exist.
36:0036 minutes50 years later, the Talmud would once again rise from its ashes.
36:0536 minutes, 5 secondsAnd his story joins that of the Jews who have never ceased to survive all the attempts at assimilation,
36:1436 minutes, 14 secondsconversion or destruction to which they were subjected.
36:2736 minutes, 27 secondsYes, black sends a white who thinks he is black, but this black thinks he is white without realizing that white thinks he is black.
36:3336 minutes, 33 secondsBut is a white person who thinks he is black whiter than white? Who thinks they're white?
36:3636 minutes, 36 secondsYes, it's like asking whether a candle gives more light in a dark cellar when it's dark outside than if it were daytime? They said it was dark?
36:4436 minutes, 44 secondsExactly, how do you expect two chimney sweeps to bring home the night? Why shouldn't they be allowed to work at night? Can you tell me they are not free men? But what does freedom have to do with it?
36:5236 minutes, 52 secondsThese are the workers who do their job honestly. And to do it well, it has to be daytime. It's all good. They say They started in the day, they were late,
36:5936 minutes, 59 secondsIt's night when they come out of the chimney, so it would be winter. Night falls earlier. Perfectly. So in this case, yes, it gets complicated.
37:0737 minutes, 7 secondsHow can you see who is clean, who is dirty in winter, but who is struggling in winter? It's called the Peel Pool.
37:1337 minutes, 13 secondsThe mania for discussing almost to the point of absurdity. And it was in Poland that this art of Peel Pool was born,
37:2037 minutes, 20 secondsunder the influence of Jakob Polak, who settled in Krakow around the 15th century. In his teaching,
37:2637 minutes, 26 secondsJacob Pollack strives to deploy all the resources of the finest and most subtle dialectic, to argue about everything and about everything.
37:3837 minutes, 38 secondsBut we sweep before winter in the fall, but the snow can fall before winter. They are both black, but one is covered in snow.
37:4537 minutes, 45 secondsIt's all white, but sometimes the snow is dirty, it's black.
37:4737 minutes, 47 secondsSo black snow can hide the white one and white snow can hide the black one perfectly. So which one will wash perfectly?
37:5837 minutes, 58 secondsBut the Pool Pool had its detractors in Vilna, the Jerusalem of the North. There lived a learned Talmudist, Elias Cramer,
38:0838 minutes, 8 secondsborn in 1720, died in 1797,
38:1038 minutes, 10 secondswho is still venerated today as the Great Genius by the Jews of Lithuania and elsewhere.
38:1938 minutes, 19 secondsHe slept no more than 4 hours a night and to devote himself tirelessly to study,
38:2438 minutes, 24 secondshe attached his coins to the ceiling and kept his feet in a basin of ice water to avoid falling asleep.
38:3138 minutes, 31 secondsOf a high character, of remarkable intelligence, of profound knowledge.
38:3638 minutes, 36 secondsThe Vilna rabbi occupied a special rank among the rabbis.
38:4038 minutes, 40 secondsHe tirelessly applied himself to understanding the text and subjecting it to serious criticism, without seeking to push the art of dialectics which, in his opinion,
38:4838 minutes, 48 secondswas more a matter of ergon than true reflection. Its impact was considerable throughout Eastern Europe.
38:5538 minutes, 55 secondsHe founded the model for modern Talmudic schools and influenced dynasties of illustrious masters.
39:0139 minutes, 1 secondThe definitive edition of the Talmud still in use today is the one made in Vilna in 1880, enriched with numerous commentaries.
39:1039 minutes, 10 secondsIt condenses the teaching of modern masters and is in line with the boy's thoughts.
39:1739 minutes, 17 secondsIf a new branch. Starting with his sophisticated hat, we approach.
39:2639 minutes, 26 secondsSame idea on a song.
39:3139 minutes, 31 secondsFrom then on, all students have a much more efficient working tool than previous generations had.
39:4039 minutes, 40 secondsFrom Poland to Austria, from Hungary to Italy, from Spain to England, from Germany to France,
39:4839 minutes, 48 secondsfrom Lithuania to Ukraine. It can be said that there was not a single region in Europe that did not participate in the invention of the Talmud.
39:5639 minutes, 56 secondsThus, for nearly eight centuries, the Talmud inhabited Europe,
40:0140 minutes, 1 secondboth the Europe of villages and ghettos and that of capitals and the principal centers of intellectual life.
40:1140 minutes, 11 secondsDuring all these years,
40:1240 minutes, 12 secondsthe Talmud experienced an intense production of commentaries and a flowering of schools which shaped the Jewish culture that modernity would inherit.
Chapter 6: Talmudic studies post-World War II
40:2740 minutes, 27 secondsModernity is America. Necessarily.
40:3340 minutes, 33 secondsThe Talmud leaves old Europe for a land seemingly full of promise.
40:4040 minutes, 40 secondsFrom the day after the Great War and during the 1920s and 1930s,
40:4440 minutes, 44 secondsmany families landed in the New World. The Talmud lands in a foreign land.
40:5440 minutes, 54 secondsAnd as it should be,
40:5640 minutes, 56 secondsone of the first things Jews do when they settle down is print their book.
41:0141 minutes, 1 secondA way of marking their territory, even if only temporarily.
41:0741 minutes, 7 secondsThe temptation of assimilation being much greater than in Europe, the Talmud runs the risk of being quickly abandoned.
41:1441 minutes, 14 secondsAnd to prevent the dangers of this new situation.
41:1741 minutes, 17 secondsThe first schools will emerge very quickly, in line with those of the Old Continent.
41:2241 minutes, 22 secondsThe Talmud takes root in a still disconcerting modernity.
41:3241 minutes, 32 secondsAt the dawn of the 20th century,
41:3441 minutes, 34 secondsshould the Talmud adapt to modernity or should modernity adapt to the Talmud? To answer this question,
41:4241 minutes, 42 secondsit is enough to delve into the dialogue of the wise and understand how their words have always anticipated the events of history.
41:5441 minutes, 54 secondsThe School of Chamaille and the School of Hillel argued for two and a half years about the man.
42:0242 minutes, 2 secondsThe first said it was better if man had not been created. The second is that it is good that man was created.
42:1042 minutes, 10 secondsIn the end, the votes were counted, and it was concluded that it was better that man had not been created.
42:1642 minutes, 16 secondsBut since it already exists, then let it be virtuous. Virtuous.
42:2442 minutes, 24 secondsWhat remains for the Jews at the dawn of the Second World War? Go practice virtue in the United States? Shabbat, October.
42:3242 minutes, 32 secondsEvery trace of this master without measure, hateful, without any dogma or grinding of the bridle in Central America.
42:4142 minutes, 41 secondsBut some doubt that America is a center of.
42:4442 minutes, 44 secondsVirtue, but it is content to condemn to a form of clandestinity. Locked in their ghetto,
42:5242 minutes, 52 secondstheir Talmud as their only refuge,
42:5442 minutes, 54 secondsthe fate of the Jews in Central Europe in the 20th century can provide an argument for the opinion that it was better that man had not been created.
43:1043 minutes, 10 secondsNazism, in any case, could have ratified such an option with ease.
43:1743 minutes, 17 secondsHope, however, is the foundation of Judaism.
43:2143 minutes, 21 secondsBut it is precisely when there is no hope that it is appropriate to hope.
43:2843 minutes, 28 secondsAnd Jewish hope is rooted even higher than the absurdity of the world.
43:3443 minutes, 34 secondsThe resurrection in a world where the absurd will no longer have any reason to exist is the most unexpected illustration of this.
43:4643 minutes, 46 secondsThe Talmud tells the story of a Roman emperor who sent the Jews to their deaths.
43:5243 minutes, 52 secondsHe called out to one of the wise men before handing him over to his executioners and said to him.
43:5743 minutes, 57 secondsI don't understand how you Jews can believe in the resurrection of the dead. The wise man's youngest daughter answered for him.
44:0644 minutes, 6 secondsShe said to the Romans: You did not exist and now you exist.
44:1044 minutes, 10 secondsThis doesn't surprise you, but I am amazed every moment.
44:1444 minutes, 14 secondsToday you exist and you wonder why one day you might exist again. Well, that doesn't surprise me.
44:2344 minutes, 23 secondsThe Talmud evokes the resurrection of the dead in a figurative way, but also makes it a concrete illustration of itself.
44:3144 minutes, 31 secondsIndeed.
44:3344 minutes, 33 secondsHow many times did he come back from the flames? There again. Despite the scale of the disaster,
44:4144 minutes, 41 secondsthe people survived.
44:4344 minutes, 43 secondsThe book too. Does not the Talmud say: We learn more from the dead than from the living,
44:5144 minutes, 51 secondssince the living transmit the teachings of the dead and in this way bring them back to life?
44:5844 minutes, 58 secondsAre not cemeteries called Bethlehem, home of the living? Cemeteries seem like open-air libraries.
45:0745 minutes, 7 secondsThe Talmud left some of its most famous pages of history there. There he once made wisdom sprout.
45:1545 minutes, 15 secondsBut this one has not disappeared. She's still here. To be born again.
45:3045 minutes, 30 secondsAfter the war, Talmudic studies were to increase, particularly in the United States, thanks to the initiative of DAF Yomi.
45:3845 minutes, 38 secondsTo the alignment of the units. At the rate of one page per day.
45:4445 minutes, 44 secondsIt takes a little over seven years to read the 2,711 pages of the modern edition of the Talmud.
45:5045 minutes, 50 secondsAn exercise that all Talmudists worthy of the name engage in throughout the world. Associate with the affirm program.
45:5745 minutes, 57 secondsIn other words, one page per day.
46:0346 minutes, 3 secondsThe principle of studying a daily page of the Talmud was already initiated by Rabbi Meyer Shapiro on September 11, 1923 in Lublin, Poland.
46:1546 minutes, 15 secondsThe Talmud would be that spiritual land where Jews could, at the same time, everywhere in the world,
46:2246 minutes, 22 secondsbe united by a common study.
46:2646 minutes, 26 secondsIn 2005, Madison Square Garden in New York brought together more than 46,000 people, connected by satellite
46:3446 minutes, 34 secondsto other communities around the world, to celebrate the 11th anniversary of the study of the Talmud. Eleven cycles of seven and a half years.
46:4246 minutes, 42 secondsSo, a new kind of Talmudist is emerging. Echoing their father's voice, as at the top of Manhattan's towers,
46:5346 minutes, 53 secondswhere businessmen, lawyers, and bankers decide to devote themselves to daily study of the Talmud before returning to their offices.
47:0347 minutes, 3 secondsA way to recharge your batteries. Since Talmudic reflection has
47:1147 minutes, 11 secondsthe means to respond to the problems posed by modernity.
47:1747 minutes, 17 secondsIs it not said that God made the world in six days and that he rests on the seventh? Now, today,
47:2347 minutes, 23 secondsall humanity works for six days and rests on the seventh. Is this not a sign of the modernity of the Torah?
47:3147 minutes, 31 secondsAsk the Talmud. Joseph Bichot.
47:3547 minutes, 35 secondsOr Joseph? From the very beginning, American Jews participated in the construction of the new
47:4347 minutes, 43 secondsworld, often assimilating at the cost of their own cultural heritage.
47:4947 minutes, 49 secondsBut they have always maintained a connection with their ancestral land, regularly returning to the soil of old Europe.
47:5747 minutes, 57 secondsMore than nostalgia,
47:5847 minutes, 58 secondsit was a real need to replenish one's resources with those who had managed to preserve the Talmud from assimilation.
48:0748 minutes, 7 secondsCertainly, assimilation had already reached Europe, leaving the yeshiva, succumbing to the trappings of philosophy,
48:1448 minutes, 14 secondsliterature, art and science.
48:1648 minutes, 16 secondsMany children and grandchildren of Talmudists would go on to pioneer new paths in many fields. Mathematics, physical logic and even psychoanalysis.
48:2648 minutes, 26 secondsIn his correspondence with Carl Abraham,
48:2948 minutes, 29 secondsSigmund Freud evokes the Talmudic atavism which is said to have pushed some of their colleagues into the paths of psychoanalysis.
48:3848 minutes, 38 secondsWhat is the difference between a Talmudist and a psychoanalyst? A generation, they said.
48:4548 minutes, 45 secondsToday, we can reverse the question: what is the difference between a psychoanalyst and a Talmudist?
48:5248 minutes, 52 secondsAnother generation?
48:5648 minutes, 56 secondsYet a generation from which the Talmud was violently torn from their hands and thrown into the fire.
49:0449 minutes, 4 secondsBut when you start burning books, you end up burning men.
49:1049 minutes, 10 secondsMen put on trains that were their tomb.
49:1949 minutes, 19 secondsOther trains today have taken their revenge. This one. Like many others,
49:2849 minutes, 28 secondsin which every morning, between Long Island and Manhattan, one of the cars becomes a Talmudic school, leading to their work.
49:3549 minutes, 35 secondsMany descendants of survivors will seize their office. She teaches us.
49:4349 minutes, 43 secondsThe Talmud stimulates the mind. It covers the foundations of law,
49:4849 minutes, 48 secondscommerce, psychoanalysis, and so many other fields of intellectual activity that apparently there is something for everyone.
Chapter 7: Les femmes et leur place dans l'étude du Talmud
50:0850 minutes, 8 secondsWe know that woman is the inspiration for man, as is said. God said to Abraham, Listen to the voice of your wife, Sarah.
50:1750 minutes, 17 secondsFrom this, the wise deduced that if a woman studies, she can go much further than a man.
50:2350 minutes, 23 secondsIs that why he excused him from studying?
50:2850 minutes, 28 secondsModernity will have at least gained by raising women, who until now have been kept in a certain discretion, not to say a near distance from the Talmud, and are now applying themselves to it more and more every day.
50:4250 minutes, 42 secondsTheir elders were content to hear about it.
50:4950 minutes, 49 secondsAll Jews counted Talmudists among their ancestors. Freud evokes the Talmud of his fathers.
50:5550 minutes, 55 secondsMarx came from a line of more than fourteen generations of Talmudists.
51:0051 minutesEinstein unwittingly parodies the Talmud by discovering the laws of relativity.
51:0751 minutes, 7 secondsKafka regretted not having studied it.
51:1051 minutes, 10 secondsCountless founders of modern thought are indebted to him in one way or another .
51:2151 minutes, 21 secondsEven if the Talmudic tradition was sometimes abandoned, sometimes denied or banished. The Talmud machine never jammed.
51:3151 minutes, 31 secondsIn New York, Hard Scroll Publishing is translating tirelessly.
51:3551 minutes, 35 secondsRabbit Chairman is one of those artisans who, through their translation work, participate in this continuity of the invention of the Talmud.
51:4551 minutes, 45 secondsToday, the Talmud exists in English, Russian, French, and Spanish.
51:5151 minutes, 51 secondsAs if the final phase of this invention was precisely to be readable in all languages, accessible to the greatest number.
52:0152 minutes, 1 secondThis is the task set for herself by Adine Steinfeld, who heads the Institute for Talmudic Texts in Jerusalem. He is the author of a new,
52:0952 minutes, 9 secondsdetailed translation that strives to show how the Talmud is still relevant today.
52:1552 minutes, 15 secondsI have even given light to the greatest number.
52:1952 minutes, 19 secondsTo do this, the Talmud finds new ways that neither the d'Annecy, nor Rashi, nor Maimonides would ever have suspected.
Chapter 8: La symbolique du Talmud et d'Internet
52:2952 minutes, 29 secondsHe explains to us, that is to say, like this gold which is in the morning.
52:3552 minutes, 35 secondsIsrael, that is, the sun, will shine for the Tzadikim in the world to come, that is, those who will come out of darkness in the world to come, like the.
52:4552 minutes, 45 secondsNow that is the Internet.
52:4752 minutes, 47 secondsIn his own way, he repeats the gesture of Hanukkah Hanukkah, the festival of lights once a year.
52:5452 minutes, 54 secondsIt is about lighting lights outside the house as a symbol of sharing, of hope for a better world.
53:0253 minutes, 2 secondsA world made better by knowledge, knowledge that must come out of hiding.
53:1153 minutes, 11 secondsLike the flame of Hanukkah. Throughout its history,
53:1353 minutes, 13 secondsthe light of the Talmud has continued to shine in the darkness.
53:2053 minutes, 20 secondsI never know the time. Michel M, tell us in bulk anyway,
53:2853 minutes, 28 secondsjust so you have a friend who's going to the semi-finals. Where are you going? But shh, shh! The day begins with the night,
53:3753 minutes, 37 secondsas it is said: There was evening and there was morning. This was the first day. The same is true of our own lives.
53:4653 minutes, 46 secondsIt begins in the darkness of the mother's womb and ends in the light of the world.
53:5253 minutes, 52 secondsBut some say the night is this world we live in. The morning will be the future world.
54:0554 minutes, 5 secondsSo this dark world makes us blind in search of the slightest glimmer of wisdom.
54:1454 minutes, 14 secondsA simple little light that twinkles in the darkness. So.
54:1854 minutes, 18 seconds The Talmud remained throughout the destiny of the Jewish people,
Chapter 9: L'importance du Talmud dans l'histoire juive
54:2354 minutes, 23 secondsthat spark which preserved for them in the trials a sort of clairvoyance.
54:2954 minutes, 29 secondsThis is, in any case, how the Talmud calls the blind those who see clearly. What if they were blind? What if they really couldn't see anything?
54:3654 minutes, 36 secondsTotal night constantly, what to sweep blind?
54:3954 minutes, 39 secondsThat said, as for what there is to see in a chimney, if the question were two blind men, one black and the other white, which of the two would wash?
54:4654 minutes, 46 secondsBut in this case, the Talmud would have spoken of blind people and not of a chimney sweep.
54:4954 minutes, 49 secondsYes, but it is so easy to answer that the one who is dirty will wash himself and that we must understand that the intention of the Talmud is to make us understand that they are blind.
54:5654 minutes, 56 secondsBut how can they clean a chimney if they can't see anything?
54:5954 minutes, 59 secondsBut have you never seen a blind man play the chimney sweep's piano?
55:0355 minutes, 3 secondsNo, but if two blind people can play Beethoven four-handed, they can easily pass through a chimney hole. But why?
Chapter 10: Un dialogue farfelu sur les ramoneurs et la musique
55:0855 minutes, 8 secondsThe question is not after the concert which of the two pianists will wash? But that is precisely the question. Just that they are chimney sweeps,
55:1655 minutes, 16 secondsyes, and blind. Have you ever seen two chimney sweeps playing the piano? No, but I'll just have to see.
55:2055 minutes, 20 secondsThat said, I knew a second-hand dealer who played the trumpet in a duo. Ah good ? Which trumpet will wash? That's a good question, especially since they're both copper.
55:2855 minutes, 28 secondsBut just tell me one question. Have you ever seen chimney sweeps? No ? Me neither.
===
업로드된 문서를 바탕으로 다큐멘터리 <탈무드: 유대교의 근본서에 숨겨진 역사 (The Talmud: The Secret History of Judaism's Fundamental Book)>의 내용을 요약하고 이에 대한 평론을 작성하겠다.
<탈무드: 유대교의 근본서에 숨겨진 역사> 요약 및 평론
1. 요약: 질문으로 지은 영혼의 성채
**탈무드(Talmud)**는 유대 문화에서 가장 중요한 저작이자 인류의 진정한 유산이지만, 여전히 수수께끼에 싸인 미지의 대상으로 남아 있다. 이 책은 단순한 율법서가 아니라 히브리어 성경의 첫 다섯 권인 **토라(Torah, 모세오경)**를 끊임없이 질문하고 해석해 온 수세기 동안의 기록이다. 유대 현자들에게 성경은 일상생활의 지침을 추출해야 할 거대한 은유였으며, 탈무드는 그 비밀을 푸는 열쇠 역할을 한다.
+3
탈무드의 형성 과정과 구조
탈무드의 역사는 서기 70년 로마에 의해 예루살렘 성전이 파괴된 비극에서 본격적으로 시작된다. 기억에만 의존하던 구전 전승이 소실될 것을 우려한 **랍비 유다 나시(Rabbi Yehuda Nasi)**는 2세기에 걸친 가르침을 수집하여 **미슈나(Mishna, 반복)**를 편찬했다. 이후 미슈나에 대한 방대한 보충 설명인 **게마라(Gemara)**가 3세기에서 7세기에 걸쳐 추가되면서 오늘날의 탈무드 형태가 완성되었다. 탈무드는 세상의 모든 지식을 아우른다는 의미에서 창조의 6일과 방위의 6방향을 상징하는 **6개 부(Order)**로 구성되며, 이는 농업, 축제, 여성, 손해, 성물, 정결 등의 주제를 63개의 논문과 523개의 장에 담고 있다.
+4
방랑하는 민족의 이동하는 고향
유대 민족이 박해를 피해 전 세계로 흩어지는 동안 탈무드는 그들의 정신적 안식처가 되었다. 약속된 땅(팔레스타인)을 잃은 이들에게 탈무드는 땅에 대한 애착을 보상하는 영적 보상물이었다. 11세기 프랑스의 **라쉬(Rashi)**는 탈무드 텍스트의 난해한 부분을 명쾌하게 해석하여 보편적인 학문으로 격상시켰고, 12세기 스페인의 **마이모니데스(Maimonides)**는 실천적인 결론을 도출하여 탈무드 과학을 보편화했다.
+4
박해와 보존의 역사
탈무드는 기독교 교회에 의해 끊임없이 이단적이고 신성모독적인 책으로 몰려 수난을 겪었다. 1244년 파리에서 대규모 소각 사건이 발생했고, 1553년 로마와 베네치아에서도 수천 권의 탈무드가 불태워졌다. 그러나 1519년 베네치아의 기독교 인쇄업자 다니엘 브롬버그에 의해 처음으로 전집이 인쇄되면서 탈무드는 필사본의 시대를 지나 예술적인 활자본의 형태로 정착되었으며, 1880년 빌나(Vilna) 판에 이르러 현대적 표준을 완성했다.
+4
현대와 여성, 그리고 탈무드의 정신
오늘날 탈무드는 뉴욕의 통근 열차 안에서도 연구될 만큼 현대인의 삶 깊숙이 들어와 있다. 과거에는 남성 위주의 학문이었으나, 현대에 이르러 여성들의 참여가 비약적으로 늘어났으며 다양한 언어로 번역되어 전 세계와 소통하고 있다. 탈무드는 단순한 지식 전달을 넘어, 비논리적인 상황(굴뚝 청소부 우화)조차 집요하게 파고드는 **필풀(Pilpul, 논쟁술)**을 통해 비판적 사고와 분석적 정신을 연마하게 한다.
+4
2. 평론: 어둠 속에서 빛을 긷는 역설의 지혜
다큐멘터리 <탈무드: 유대교의 근본서에 숨겨진 역사>는 한 권의 책이 어떻게 한 민족의 운명을 지탱하고, 나아가 인류의 보편적 지성사로 확장될 수 있었는지를 깊이 있게 조명한다. 이 영상이 제시하는 탈무드의 핵심은 '정답'이 아니라 '질문' 그 자체에 있다.
불가능을 가능케 하는 변증법적 유희
작품의 시작과 끝을 관통하는 '두 명의 굴뚝 청소부' 이야기는 탈무드적 사고방식의 진수를 보여준다. 한 명은 깨끗하고 한 명은 더러울 때 누가 씻을 것인가에 대한 질문은, 상대방을 거울삼아 판단하는 인간의 심리적 맹점을 지나, 애초에 같은 굴뚝을 나왔는데 한 명만 깨끗할 수 없다는 현실적 모순을 지적하기에 이른다. 이러한 집요한 논리 전개는 탈무드가 단순한 종교적 도그마가 아니라, 인간 사고의 한계를 시험하는 고도의 지적 훈련장임을 입증한다.
+3
비극을 창조적 에너지로 승화시킨 기록
탈무드의 역사는 곧 유대인의 고난사다. 하지만 다큐멘터리는 탈무드가 고난 속의 도피처가 아닌, 고난을 해석하고 이겨내는 '불꽃'이었음을 강조한다. 책을 태우면 결국 인간을 태우게 된다는 역사의 교훈(하이네의 예언과 나치즘) 앞에서도, 탈무드는 재가 되어 사라지는 대신 기억과 인쇄를 통해 부활했다. 이는 텍스트가 영토를 대신할 수 있다는 '책의 민족'다운 강력한 생존 전략을 보여주는 대목이다.
+4
전통과 현대의 가교
오늘날 인터넷 환경과 탈무드의 구조를 연결하는 분석은 흥미롭다. 중앙의 텍스트를 수많은 주석이 둘러싸고, 세대와 지역을 초월한 대화가 꼬리에 꼬리를 무는 탈무드의 구성은 현대의 하이퍼텍스트 구조와 흡사하다. 아인슈타인, 프로이트, 카프카 등 현대 지성사의 거장들이 탈무드적 사유 방식의 수혜자라는 점은 이 고대 문헌이 여전히 유효한 창의성의 원천임을 시사한다.
+3
결론
이 다큐멘터리는 탈무드를 유대교라는 특정 종교의 틀 안에 가두지 않는다. 대신 그것을 '바다와 같은 가르침'으로 묘사하며, 익사할 위험을 무릅쓰고 뛰어드는 자만이 그 빛을 발견할 수 있다고 말한다. 결국 탈무드의 가르침은 고정된 문자가 아니라, 시대에 발맞추어 끊임없이 새로워지는 '현재 진행형의 발명'이다. 질문하기를 멈추지 않는 한 탈무드의 역사는 끝나지 않을 것임을, 이 영상은 묵직한 필치로 기록하고 있다.
+4
추가로 궁금하신 특정 인물(라쉬, 마이모니데스 등)의 업적이나 탈무드의 세부 구성에 대해 더 자세히 요약해 드릴까요?
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다음은 업로드하신 자료
<The Talmud: The Secret History of Judaism's Fundamental Book>에 대한
<1,000단어 요약 + 평론 (한글/영문)>입니다.
(자료 전체는 영상 트랜스크립트 형태로 구성됨 )
1️⃣ 요약 (Summary)
🇰🇷 한국어 요약
이 다큐멘터리는 탈무드를 단순한 종교 경전이 아니라, 유대인의 역사·사유 방식·집단 기억이 결합된 “살아있는 지적 전통”으로 해석한다. 핵심 메시지는 다음 세 가지로 압축된다.
1. 탈무드는 “책”이 아니라 “과정”
탈무드는 단일 저자가 쓴 책이 아니라, 수세기에 걸친 랍비들의 토론과 해석이 축적된 집합체이다. 이는 “책 속의 책”이며, 끝없는 대화의 구조를 가진다.
토라가 기초라면, 탈무드는 그 의미를 현실 속에서 끊임없이 재해석하는 장치이다.
특히 이 다큐는 탈무드를
→ “질문하는 책”
→ “정답보다 사고 방식을 훈련하는 도구”
로 규정한다.
2. 미쉬나와 게마라: 기억에서 텍스트로
탈무드는 두 단계로 형성된다.
- 미쉬나: 구전 전통을 문자화한 최초의 체계 (2세기)
- 게마라: 미쉬나에 대한 토론과 확장 (이후 수세기)
이 과정은 단순한 기록이 아니라
→ “집단 기억을 보존하려는 위기 대응”이었다.
로마 제국 이후 유대 공동체가 분산되면서
“기억이 사라질 위험”이 생겼고
이를 막기 위해 문서화가 이루어졌다.
3. 두 탈무드: 예루살렘 vs 바빌로니아
탈무드는 두 전통으로 발전한다.
- 예루살렘 탈무드 → 비교적 간결, 결론 중심
- 바빌로니아 탈무드 → 질문과 논쟁 중심
오늘날 주류는 바빌로니아 탈무드이며
그 이유는 “끊임없는 질문 구조” 때문이다.
4. 탈무드적 사고: 역설과 논쟁
다큐는 유명한 “굴뚝 청소부 문제”를 통해
탈무드적 사고를 설명한다.
이 사고의 핵심은
→ 직관을 의심하고
→ 논리를 반복 검증하며
→ 전제를 해체하는 것
즉, 탈무드는
“답을 찾는 것이 아니라 사고 자체를 훈련하는 체계”이다.
5. 디아스포라와 탈무드
유대인은 고향을 잃은 대신
“책을 고향으로 삼았다.”
탈무드는
→ 이동 가능한 조국
→ 정체성의 핵심 장치
특히 중세 유럽과 이슬람 세계에서
탈무드는 공동체를 유지하는 핵심이었다.
6. 박해와 전파
탈무드는 기독교 세계에서 반복적으로 탄압받았다.
- 1244년 파리에서 공개 소각
- 교황령에 의한 금서 지정
그럼에도 탈무드는 사라지지 않고
→ 오히려 더 확산된다.
이는
“억압이 오히려 지식 전통을 강화하는 역설”을 보여준다.
7. 라시와 마이모니데스
중세 유대 사상의 두 축:
- 라시: 텍스트 해석 중심, 탈무드 학습 체계 확립
- 마이모니데스: 철학적 체계화, 보편 지식과 연결
이들은 탈무드를
→ 단순 종교서에서
→ 세계적 지적 유산으로 확장시켰다.
🇺🇸 English Summary
This documentary presents the Talmud not merely as a religious text but as a dynamic intellectual tradition embodying Jewish history, identity, and modes of reasoning.
1. The Talmud as Process, Not Book
The Talmud is a multi-layered corpus of debates among rabbis across centuries. It is not a fixed text but an ongoing conversation.
Rather than delivering answers, it trains the mind to think.
2. Mishnah and Gemara
The Talmud consists of:
- Mishnah: codification of oral law (2nd century)
- Gemara: commentary and expansion
This transition reflects a historical necessity: preserving memory amid dispersion.
3. Two Talmuds
- Jerusalem Talmud: concise, conclusion-oriented
- Babylonian Talmud: expansive, debate-driven
The latter dominates due to its analytical depth.
4. Talmudic Thinking
Through paradoxical puzzles, the Talmud cultivates dialectical reasoning.
It challenges assumptions and encourages critical thinking.
5. Diaspora and Identity
For a displaced people, the Talmud becomes a “portable homeland.”
It sustains continuity without territory.
6. Persecution and Survival
Despite censorship and destruction in medieval Europe, the Talmud persisted, illustrating resilience of intellectual traditions.
7. Medieval Thinkers
Figures like Rashi and Maimonides expanded the Talmud’s reach, connecting it to philosophy, science, and universal knowledge.
2️⃣ 평론 (Critical Commentary)
🇰🇷 한국어 평론
이 다큐는 탈무드를 매우 매력적으로 설명하지만, 몇 가지 중요한 특징이 있다.
1. “지적 전통” 강조 — 종교성은 약화
이 작품은 탈무드를
→ 철학적 사고 훈련
→ 논리적 탐구
로 강조한다.
하지만 실제 탈무드는
→ 율법 (halakha)
→ 종교 규범
이 핵심이다.
즉, 다큐는 탈무드를
“현대적 지성의 모델”로 재해석하는 경향이 있다.
2. 이상화된 유대 지성 이미지
다큐는 유대 전통을
→ 질문하는 문화
→ 비판적 사고의 전형
으로 묘사한다.
이것은 일정 부분 사실이지만
동시에 “문화적 자기서사”이기도 하다.
모든 탈무드 학습이 자유로운 토론은 아니며
권위적 해석도 존재한다.
3. 정치·권력 맥락의 부재
탈무드 형성 과정에서 중요한 요소들:
- 로마 제국의 지배
- 종교 권위의 형성
- 내부 파벌 갈등
이 다큐에서는 거의 다루지 않는다.
즉,
→ “지식사 중심 서술”
→ “권력사 생략”
이라는 한계를 가진다.
4. 기독교와의 갈등 단순화
탈무드 탄압은 단순 종교 갈등이 아니라
→ 정치적 권력
→ 사회적 긴장
→ 경제적 경쟁
이 결합된 결과였다.
하지만 다큐는 이를
“박해 vs 지식” 구조로 단순화한다.
5. 현대적 의미: 왜 중요한가
그럼에도 이 다큐의 핵심 가치는 분명하다.
탈무드는 단순히 유대인의 책이 아니라
→ “질문하는 문명”의 상징이다.
특히 한국 사회와 비교하면:
- 한국: 정답 중심 교육
- 탈무드: 질문 중심 사고
이 차이는 매우 중요하다.
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