Tuesday, January 13, 2026

All the Shah's Men: An American Coup: Kinzer, Stephen

All the Shah's Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror: Kinzer, Stephen: Amazon.com.au: Books

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All the Shah's Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror 2nd Edition, Kindle Edition
by Stephen Kinzer (Author) Format: Kindle Edition


4.6 4.6 out of 5 stars (1,586)


With a thrilling narrative that sheds much light on recent events, this national bestseller brings to life the 1953 CIA coup in Iran that ousted the country’s elected prime minister, ushered in a quarter-century of brutal rule under the Shah, and stimulated the rise of Islamic fundamentalism and anti-Americanism in the Middle East. Selected as one of the best books of the year by the Washington Post and The Economist, it now features a new preface by the author on the folly of attacking Iran.


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From the Back Cover
"A very gripping read . . . a cautionary tale for our current leaders."
--"The New York Times"

As zealots in Washington intensify their preparations for an American attack on Iran, the story of the CIA's 1953 coup--with its many cautionary lessons--is more urgently relevant than ever. All the Shah's Men brings to life the cloak-and-dagger operation that deposed the only democratic regime Iran ever had. The coup ushered in a quarter-century of repressive rule under the Shah, stimulated the rise of Muslim fundamentalism and anti-Americanism throughout the Middle East, and exposed the folly of using violence to try to reshape Iran. Selected as one of the best books of the year by the Washington Post and the Economist, it's essential reading if you want to place the American attack of Iraq in context--and prepare for what comes next.

"An entirely engrossing, often riveting, nearly Homeric tale. . . . For anyone with more than a passing interest in how the United States got into such a pickle in the Middle East, All the Shah's Men is as good as Grisham."
--"The Washington Post Book World"

"An exciting narrative. [Kinzer] questions whether Americans are well served by interventions for regime change abroad, and he reminds us of the long history of Iranian resistance to great power interventions, as well as the unanticipated consequences of intervention."
--"The Los Angeles Times"

"A swashbuckling yarn [and] helpful reminder of an oft-neglected piece of Middle Eastern history."
--"The New York Times Book Review"
About the Author
Stephen Kinzer is an award-winning foreign correspondent who has worked in more than fifty countries. He has been New York Times bureau chief in Istanbul, Berlin, and Managua, Nicaragua. His books include "Overthrow: America's Century of Regime Change from Hawaii to Iraq" and "Crescent and Star: Turkey Between Two Worlds."

Product details
ASIN ‏ : ‎ B00JJZTJIQ
Publisher ‏ : ‎ Trade Paper Press
Accessibility ‏ : ‎ Learn more
Publication date ‏ : ‎ 1 January 2008
Edition ‏ : ‎ 2nd
Language ‏ : ‎ English
File size ‏ : ‎ 3.5 MB
Screen Reader ‏ : ‎ Supported
Enhanced typesetting ‏ : ‎ Enabled
X-Ray ‏ : ‎ Not Enabled
Word Wise ‏ : ‎ Enabled
Print length ‏ : ‎ 299 pages
ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-1620455302
Page Flip ‏ : ‎ Enabled
Best Sellers Rank: 92,589 in Kindle Store (See Top 100 in Kindle Store)12 in United States History Textbooks
14 in Middle Eastern History Textbooks
30 in History of Iran
Customer Reviews:
4.6 4.6 out of 5 stars (1,586)



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Stephen Kinzer



Stephen Kinzer is an award-winning foreign correspondent who has covered more than 50 countries on five continents. His articles and books have led the Washington Post to place him “among the best in popular foreign policy storytelling.”

Kinzer spent more than 20 years working for the New York Times, most of it as a foreign correspondent. His foreign postings placed him at the center of historic events and, at times, in the line of fire. While covering world events, he has been shot at, jailed, beaten by police, tear-gassed and bombed from the air.

Today Kinzer is a senior fellow at the Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs at Brown University. He writes a world affairs column for The Boston Globe.

Kinzer’s new book, The True Flag: Theodore Roosevelt, Mark Twain and the Birth of American Empire, builds on his career watching the effects of American interventions around the world.

From 1983 to 1989, Kinzer was the Times bureau chief in Nicaragua. In that post he covered war and upheaval in Central America. He also wrote two books about the region. One of them, co-authored with Stephen Schlesinger, is Bitter Fruit: The Untold Story of the American Coup in Guatemala.” The other one, Blood of Brothers: Life and War in Nicaragua, is a social and political portrait that The New Yorker called “impressive for the refinement of its writing and also the breadth of its subject matter.” In 1988 Columbia University awarded Kinzer its Maria Moors Cabot prize for outstanding coverage of Latin America.

From 1990 to 1996 Kinzer was posted in Germany. From his post as chief of the New York Times bureau in Berlin, he covered the emergence of post-Communist Europe, including wars in the former Yugoslavia.

In 1996 Kinzer was named chief of the newly opened New York Times bureau in Istanbul, Turkey. He spent four years there, traveling widely in Turkey and in the new nations of Central Asia and the Caucasus. After completing this assignment, Kinzer published Crescent and Star: Turkey Between Two Worlds.

He has also worked in Africa, and written A Thousand Hills: Rwanda’s Rebirth and the Man Who Dreamed It. Archbishop Desmond Tutu of South Africa called this book “a fascinating account of a near-miracle unfolding before our very eyes.”

Kinzer’s last book was The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War. The novelist John le Carré called it “a secret history, enriched and calmly retold; a shocking account of the misuse of American corporate, political and media power; a shaming reflection on the moral manners of post imperial Europe; and an essential allegory for our own times.”

Kinzer’s previous book was Reset: Iran, Turkey, and America’s Future “Stephen Kinzer is a journalist of a certain cheeky fearlessness and exquisite timing,” the Huffington Post said in its review. “This book is a bold exercise in reimagining the United States’ big links in the Middle East.”

In 2006 Kinzer published Overthrow: America’s Century of Regime Change from Hawaii to Iraq. It recounts the 14 times the United States has overthrown foreign governments. Kinzer seeks to explain why these interventions were carried out and what their long-term effects have been. He is also the author of All the Shah’s Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror.” It tells how the CIA overthrew Iran’s nationalist government in 1953.

In 2009, Dominican University in River Forest, Illinois, awarded Kinzer an honorary doctorate. The citation said that “those of us who have had the pleasure of hearing his lectures or talking to him informally will probably never see the world in the same way again.”

The University of Scranton awarded Kinzer an honorary doctorate in 2010. “Where there has been turmoil in the world and history has shifted, Stephen Kinzer has been there,” the citation said. “Neither bullets, bombs nor beating could dull his sharp determination to bring injustice and strife to light.”

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From Australia

Eric A. Foster
5.0 out of 5 stars An Excellent Account
Reviewed in Australia on 9 July 2015
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I found this book to be a very well researched and written account of the deplorable events involving the Anglo Iranian Oil Company and the overthrow of Iran’s Mossadegh Government in 1953. The author provides a good insight to the development of Iranian attitudes and provides a clear historical background to the climactic event of the overthrow. The author also addresses all the key issues and provides thoughtful observations. I happily recommend this book to anyone seeking a thorough understanding as to why Iran hates the West. This is a story of the exploitation of an undeveloped country. It is also the story of mis-use of power and duplicity at the highest level of American and British Governments. Why would America and Britain expect to be trusted by anyone in the future?
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Ramin Marzbani
5.0 out of 5 stars Very interesting book.
Reviewed in Australia on 27 November 2019
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Modern history at its best.
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Richard V Tasso
5.0 out of 5 stars Five Stars
Reviewed in Australia on 14 June 2015
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Brilliant yet disturbing. Another example of the English thinking they know what's best for everyone .
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From other countries

Ann Sheybani
5.0 out of 5 stars Why Understanding Iran Starts with Understanding What We Did There
Reviewed in the United States on 12 October 2025
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Every Iranian New Year, we'd drive through Abadan, and I'd watch the flames shooting from the tops of those massive stacks—the oil refinery burning off excess natural gas like some kind of industrial volcano. The infrastructure stretched for acres, a sprawling testament to British engineering and ambition, built back when Persia was just another piece on the colonial chessboard.

I didn't understand then what I was really looking at: the physical manifestation of why Iran doesn't trust us. Any of us.

Since living in Iran, I've been fascinated—maybe obsessed is more accurate—with the role foreign governments and companies have played in the Middle East, particularly in the petroleum industry. It's one thing to read about resource extraction and geopolitical maneuvering in a textbook. It's another thing entirely to live in a country where the national memory is scarred by it.

Stephen Kinzer's All the Shah's Men is the book I wish I'd read before I ever set foot in Iran. Hell, it's the book I wish every American would read before we collectively decide to have opinions about the Middle East.

Here's what happens when you live in Iran: you sit around tables with educated, sophisticated people who will, with complete sincerity, spin conspiracy theories that sound absolutely bananas to Western ears. And I used to find it funny, this cultural tendency toward seeing plots within plots, secret hands pulling strings behind every curtain.

Then I read Ryan Holiday's Conspiracy, which chronicles how Peter Thiel quietly, methodically, and very successfully destroyed Gawker because they outed him as gay against his will. Turns out conspiracy theories aren't quite so ridiculous when you realize that powerful people actually do engineer elaborate, patient, multi-year schemes to achieve their ends. We Americans just aren't used to fearing such things, thanks to our relatively stable history.

Iranians, on the other hand, have every reason to believe in conspiracies. Because they've lived through them. Because their popular prime minister—Mohammad Mosadegh, wildly beloved by his people—was actually, genuinely, factually overthrown in a CIA-orchestrated coup in 1953.

That's not a theory. That's history.

And that's where All the Shah's Men comes in.

Kinzer's book does something remarkable: it explains not just what happened, but why it matters. It's not just a recounting of events (though it is that, and brilliantly so). It's a window into the Iranian national psyche, into why a country with such a long, proud history has so little patience for foreign meddling.

Iran isn't some backwards outpost that just appeared on the map. It's Persia, for God's sake—one of the world's great civilizations, with a history stretching back millennia. They've watched foreign powers trade in their resources for what amounts to glass beads. They've seen their own corrupt leaders sell them out again and again. They know what happens behind closed doors because it's happened to them.

When the British Petroleum's predecessor effectively owned Iran's oil and gave the country a pittance in return, Mosadegh tried to nationalize it. He wanted Iran's oil wealth to benefit Iranians. Radical concept, right? The British didn't much care for that idea, and they convinced the Americans that Mosadegh was a communist threat. So we—the United States of America, land of democracy and freedom—orchestrated a coup to remove a democratically elected leader and install the Shah, who would be far more amenable to Western interests.

That moment? That's the nadir of US-Iran relations. That's where the hostilities that eventually led to the 1979 revolution and the hostage crisis actually began. Not with religious extremism appearing out of nowhere, but with us deciding that Iranian democracy was fine as long as it served our purposes.

All the Shah's Men is a fabulous read, not just because Kinzer teaches the history of Iran in a clear, concise way—though he does that masterfully—but because he shows you the folly of toying with a nation that has a strong identity and a long memory.

He explains what was at stake then and what remains at stake now: access to oil, regional influence, the strategic geography of the Middle East. He makes clear why nations vie for power there and why, despite all evidence to the contrary, we keep making the same mistakes.

Most importantly, he illuminates why invading or attempting to control Iran is probably the stupidest thing any foreign power could do. You can't bomb a proud people into submission, and you can't expect them to forget what you've done.

What struck me most about the book is how it reveals the chess game happening behind the scenes—the back-channeling, the quiet machinations, the deals struck in rooms the average citizen never sees. We like to think of foreign policy as this noble, principled endeavor. All the Shah's Men shows you the grubby reality: it's often about resources, leverage, and maintaining the upper hand, regardless of the human cost.
If you want to understand why the Middle East is the way it is, why Iran views the West with such suspicion, why our attempts at influence so often backfire spectacularly—read this book. If you want to understand how we got here and why our "here" involves so much mutual hostility and mistrust—read this book.

And if you just want to read a damn good piece of non-fiction that reads like a thriller but happens to be true—definitely read this book.

Because the thing about history is this: if you don't understand it, you're doomed to keep repeating it. And God knows we've repeated this particular pattern enough times already.
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Francisco Guillermo Jáuregui
5.0 out of 5 stars The whole book
Reviewed in Mexico on 11 February 2025
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Well written a master piece of History!
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Karina
5.0 out of 5 stars Un estudio completo!
Reviewed in Spain on 6 September 2017
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Un libro muy bien documentado que se lee más bien como una fabula. No se si se puede trazar la linea entre los hechos del `53 y 9/11 pero seguro que la participación de la CIA en la caída del gobierno de Mossadegh ha marcado las relaciones entre Irán y Estados Unidos e igual también en las relaciones internacionales en el mundo moderno.
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Parvaneh Razi
5.0 out of 5 stars Eye opening book
Reviewed in Canada on 25 November 2023
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As a Persian I was extremely sad and angry at politicians who changed the history of my country in a way that was beneficial for them. Reading the history that I didn't know much about was eye opening and bitter which means the writer did a good job! I offered this book to my sister to read and she had the same feeling of bitterness after reading the book.
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黒羽夏彦
5.0 out of 5 stars イランにおける反米感情の原点を描いた歴史ノンフィクション
Reviewed in Japan on 15 February 2010
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 1953年に起こったイランのモサデク政権転覆クーデターは、CIA主導の秘密工作のうち最も有名な事件の一つであり、現在に至るもその悪影響を引きずっている。本書はモサデクの人物像を中心に、19世紀以来のイラン現代史、とりわけクーデターに至る経緯を描き出した歴史ノンフィクションである。

 首相に就任したモサデクはイギリス資本の石油会社国有化を宣言、交渉が行き詰る中、英米側は彼の存在そのものが邪魔だと判断。CIAの工作員カーミット・ローズヴェルトの暗躍により、軍事クーデターでモサデクは逮捕された。アメリカはシャーの専制政治に肩入れした結果、イラン国民の反米感情を高めてイスラム革命を招き、さらには中東全体を不安定化させてしまったという歴史の連鎖が指摘される。
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Nancy Singh
5.0 out of 5 stars Intriguing book.
Reviewed in India on 16 December 2021
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What an excellent read. This book gives an excellent account of the events of week in 1953 when coup managed by British and American politicians ,removed the prime Minister of Iran which affected the world around and has carried on the repercussions till now. It tells us how Britishers with their imperialistic mind set exploited Iran for its oil . It gives an intriguing account of propaganda that worked against the loyal and democratic leader of Iran who wanted to benefit and uplift his countryman by its own natural resources ie oil . Book wonderfully explains how Britishers ruled by looting the world thus uplifting their own country. Iran being the legitimate owners of their oil were given shoddy treatment and pennies in return which created hatred against western powers in people . Also corruption among its own people and exploitation by Britishers changed the course of world history which is felt even in new world.
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Jacky P.
5.0 out of 5 stars Excellent pour le connaisseur et pour le moins connaisseur
Reviewed in France on 29 October 2016
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Ce livre donne une petite introduction à l'istoire récente d'Iran. C'est écrit dans une perspective iranophile assumée et justifiée explicitement dans une introduction qui donne une petite perspective historique et culturelle. Ensuite, le gros du livre est consacré à la description des actions des services secrets américains et anglais aboutissant au renversement du gouvernement démocratiquement élu de Mohamed Mossadegh, et à l'installation du régime autoritaire du shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi. Connaissant un peu l'histoire, j'ai surtout apprécié la description détaillée des actions de Kermit Roosevelt (agent américain). Mais mon épouse a vraiment apprécié l'ensemble, qui est une excellente introduction à ce chapitre d'histoire.
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From other countries

Svetovid
5.0 out of 5 stars No going back to the same reality after reading this one
Reviewed in Germany on 5 January 2019
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You realize that the same system is still used nowadays to destroy many governments and impose lackeys which do not give a damn about the people. It is very easy to see that this scenario is simply copy-pasted for the last 50+ years.
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Peter C
5.0 out of 5 stars An extraordinary true story
Reviewed in the United Kingdom on 20 December 2012
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This is a remarkable account of an almost unbelievable series of events in Iran principally in 1953, although the author does give us a potted history of Iran from the early days and a more detailed history of the first half of the 20th century which led up to the events of 1953. The conduct of Britain in Iran during the century prior to 1953, particularly in connection with the massive oil reserves and the creation of the Anglo-Persian (later Anglo-Iranian) Oil Company, at the beginning of the 20th century to exploit the oil with massive profits to Britain and very little benefit to Iran, was quite appalling. Britain used the oil to fuel the forces during both world wars, and treated its Iranian employees like dirt while having wonderful facilities for its British staff. It was hardly surprising that the Iranians decided to nationalise the AIOC in 1950 and expel the British diplomats with their security staff. But then the Anglo-American plan in 1953 to get rid of the only prime minister who ever tried to start Iran on to a democratic path and to strengthen the position of the Shah was a disgusting attempt at interference in another country's affairs. The subsequent revolution in 1979 and the present situation may well not have happened if that had not occurred.

A well written account of a very interesting series of events which I was not previously aware of.
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Dr. Ramin Pouladian
5.0 out of 5 stars An absolute eye opener !
Reviewed in the United Kingdom on 10 October 2011
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This was an easy book to read and a difficult book to put down once you start. Having been born in Iran, I had always heard about the events surrounding Dr. Mossadegh and the British and American involvement in overthrowing the only democratic and a genuinely nationalist leader Iran had seen in it's recent history. But this book has given me a clear understanding of actual historical events and has put them into perspective. No wonder Iranians have a deep mistrust of the British and blame them for the country's misfortunes !!! This ia a real eye opener and a must for anyone who wants to learn about Iran, the Middle East, influence of Oil on British and US foreign policies and reasons for the animosities which exist around the world against the USA and UK.
5 people found this helpful
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Anders Flensborg
5.0 out of 5 stars Horror Story from real life !
Reviewed in Germany on 21 December 2013
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But the book is fascinating reading and offers good insight on a congenial people, and it truly offers a better understanding of our time
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Swati Chakrabarti
5.0 out of 5 stars i can very well understand the political as well as the social history of the world better
Reviewed in India on 20 April 2017
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Such a detailed investigative report... it doesnt only records Iran's but the worlds history in a way. Sitting in Asia, i can very well understand the political as well as the social history of the world better now
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ID
5.0 out of 5 stars Buena obra
Reviewed in Spain on 28 April 2020
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Excelente obra como complemento a otras sobre esa temática
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saeid
5.0 out of 5 stars I would recommend this collection
Reviewed in Canada on 7 April 2025
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Awesome Book About The Past And The History About What Went Down In The Middle East.
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Nash Boutros, Professor of Psychiatry
5.0 out of 5 stars A most amazing book
Reviewed in the United States on 14 August 2025
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All the Shah,a Men is by far the best book I have read in a number of years. It is a must reading for everyone even if not particularly concerned with history or politics. The book reads like a suspenseful intrigue spy novel making it hard to stop reading. As an Egyptian it made it clear why Britain and Fran e got so mad when Egypt,s Naser nationalized the Suez Canal only five years after Mosadeq nationalized the Iranian oil and how succeeding in removing him may ha e emboldened them to militarily attack Egypt. Even more importantly the Book increased my appreciation to President Truman vision and integrity but not so much for Eisenhower. Finally, the fact that Iran was on it's way to Democracy and instead of supporting it the effort was thwarted resulting in the current severe suffering of the Iranian people. I cannot recommend the book more for E vereone
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Streeds Reads
4.0 out of 5 stars Review: All the Shah's Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror
Reviewed in the United States on 21 January 2017
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FTC NOTICE: Library Book

REVIEW: “All the Shah’s Men” serves as the second book I have read by Stephen Kinzer, and it was full of intrigue, micro-histories, and biographies that left me with the desire to research and read more about the Middle East as well as additional books by this author.

It is not unusual for history books to discuss timelines and people; but, what I appreciated most in this text was Kinzer’s differing approach to historical data. He was generous with details about a significant array of people that were involved with multiple coups. There were names of people in his book that I did not recall seeing in other compendiums pertaining to Middle East history and/or Iran. Kinzer shared what their individual philosophies were and how they affected their decisions and the resulting behaviors.

One challenge I experienced while reading this book, and that which prevented me from giving it five stars in lieu of four of them, was that there was too much going back and forth in history. A political leader’s history and interactions with others was/were very well described; but, at the end of that history, the reader was then re-introduced to a character at the beginning or middle of the previous history and all within the same chapter. Segmentation via a few extra and short chapters would have helped.

Despite the back-and-forth of histories, Stephen Kinzer has a great way of making a reader take a look at a situation and evaluate what could have been done differently. Unfortunately, he waited until over 200 pages into the book for any analysis or extrapolation to occur. This was coupled with a whole series of “if” and “if” and “if-then” and “if.” In doing so, Kinzer inadvertently de-valued what he was trying to accomplish, and the history could no longer be evaluated as a reality. Thankfully I had already read another book called " Reset: Iran, Turkey, and America's Future " by Kinzer, so I knew what he was trying to accomplish, and I didn’t want him to think that this was lost on me. He wanted the reader to imagine how things could have been done differently; what would have happened if one or all of these things did not occur?

The author is also quite talented when it comes to creating imagery. He does this thoughtfully, purposely, and respectfully. Kinzer shares the details of his trip to Iran and his visit to Mossadegh’s final home. There are descriptions of colors, flowers, and buildings, and he places them in the context of what they experienced and looked like in history and how they had changed by the time of his visit. There is a certain romanticism about how he goes about interviewing people who were employees, villagers/neighbors, friends and family of Mossadegh. Stephen Kinzer makes it clear that with the Mossadegh name, there is a legacy, and there is a responsibility to keep the name pure.

Purity and the instability of relationships were prevalent themes in this book. The intelligence that the American government received was not consistently pure. There were people who wanted to make a name for themselves and leveraged “The Cold War” and its threat of spreading communism as a way to convince an American president that it was time to start supporting the British government in its efforts to take back Iran’s newly-nationalized oil company. Kinzer did a good job of “calling out” these people, namely The Dulles Brothers.

There were good people on all sides who had good intentions, and they were coupled with individuals or groups filled with mal-intent, which ultimately led to a surpise coup of Mohammed Reza Shah and the promotion to leadership and ultimate power of and for the Ayatollah Khomeini in Iran. There were well-described changes in alliances that ultimately put the United States in an unsavory position with countries in the Middle East…definitely an unfortunate stance and one that can hopefully be corrected.
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manou Farrokhzad
4.0 out of 5 stars Four Stars
Reviewed in Canada on 17 April 2015
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perfect
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스티븐 킨저(Stephen Kinzer)의 저서 <All the Shah's Men>(국내 번역서명: <모사데크, 1953년의 고독> 또는 <이란 1953>)에 대한 1,000단어 분량의 요약 및 평론입니다.

<All the Shah's Men>: 민주주의를 무너뜨린 제국, 그리고 그 대가

저자: 스티븐 킨저 (Stephen Kinzer) 주제: 1953년 이란 쿠데타(아작스 작전)와 현대 중동 테러리즘의 기원

1. 서론: 잊혀진 역사의 변곡점

2001년 9.11 테러 이후 미국인들은 "왜 그들은 우리를 미워하는가?"라는 질문을 던졌다. 스티븐 킨저는 이 책을 통해 그 답이 단순히 종교적 광신이나 문명의 충돌에 있는 것이 아니라, 반세기 전 미국이 저지른 구체적인 외교적, 군사적 개입에 뿌리를 두고 있다고 주장한다. <All the Shah's Men>은 1953년 미국 CIA와 영국 MI6가 공모하여 이란의 민주적으로 선출된 총리 <모하마드 모사데크(Mohammad Mossadegh)>를 축출한 '아작스 작전(Operation Ajax)'의 전말을 다룬다. 저자는 이 사건이 단지 이란 내부의 정권 교체에 그치지 않고, 중동 전체의 반미 감정을 촉발하고 이슬람 원리주의가 득세하게 만든 결정적인 <나비효과>의 시작점임을 설득력 있게 제시한다.

2. 요약: 석유, 제국, 그리고 쿠데타

갈등의 씨앗: 앵글로-이란 석유 회사(AIOC) 이야기는 20세기 초, 영국의 거대 기업인 앵글로-이란 석유 회사(AIOC, 현 BP의 전신)가 이란의 석유 자원을 독점적으로 착취하는 상황에서 시작된다. 영국은 이란 정부에 푼돈에 불과한 로열티만을 지급하며 막대한 이익을 가져갔고, 이란 노동자들을 비인간적인 환경에서 혹사시켰다. 이란인들에게 AIOC는 제국주의적 수탈의 상징이었다. 이러한 분노는 이란 내셔널리즘의 부상을 이끌었고, 그 중심에는 모하마드 모사데크라는 인물이 있었다.

모사데크의 등장과 석유 국유화 유럽 유학파 출신의 귀족이자 철저한 민주주의 신봉자였던 모사데크는 이란 의회에서 압도적인 지지를 받으며 총리로 선출된다. 그는 1951년, 이란의 주권 회복을 위해 석유 산업의 <국유화>를 선언한다. 이는 영국에게는 제국의 자존심과 경제적 이익에 대한 치명적인 타격이었다. 영국은 이란의 석유 수출을 봉쇄하고 경제를 마비시키며 모사데크를 압박했지만, 모사데크는 타협하지 않았다.

미국의 개입: 트루먼에서 아이젠하워로 초기 미국(트루먼 행정부)은 영국과 이란 사이를 중재하려 노력하며 식민주의에 반대하는 입장을 보였다. 그러나 1953년 공화당의 드와이트 아이젠하워가 대통령에 취임하고, 덜레스 형제(국무장관 존 포스터 덜레스와 CIA 국장 앨런 덜레스)가 외교 안보의 실권을 쥐면서 상황은 급변한다. 영국은 모사데크를 제거하기 위해 미국을 끌어들이려 했고, 그 미끼로 <공산주의의 위협>을 사용했다. 영국은 모사데크가 축출되지 않으면 이란이 소련의 영향권으로 넘어가 '제2의 중국'이 될 수 있다고 미국을 설득했다. 냉전의 논리에 사로잡힌 미국은 결국 영국의 제안을 받아들여 모사데크 제거 작전을 승인한다.

아작스 작전 (Operation Ajax) 쿠데타의 현장 지휘는 시어도어 루즈벨트 대통령의 손자인 CIA 요원 <커밋 루즈벨트(Kermit Roosevelt Jr.)>가 맡았다. 그는 테헤란에 잠입하여 샤(왕)를 회유하고, 이란 군부 내의 반대파를 포섭했으며, 깡패들을 고용해 거리에서 폭력 시위를 조장했다. 또한 언론을 매수하여 모사데크에 대한 가짜 뉴스를 퍼뜨렸다. 첫 번째 시도가 실패하여 샤가 로마로 도망치는 등 위기가 있었으나, 루즈벨트는 포기하지 않고 2차 시도를 감행했다. 결국 1953년 8월, 모사데크의 자택은 탱크의 포격을 받았고 그는 체포되었다. 민주 정부는 무너졌고, 도망쳤던 샤가 미국의 지원 속에 복귀하여 친미 독재 정권을 수립했다.

비극적 결말과 후폭풍 모사데크는 가택 연금 상태에서 여생을 보내다 쓸쓸히 사망했다. 복귀한 샤는 미국의 전폭적인 지원 아래 악명 높은 비밀경찰 <SAVAK>을 창설하여 반대파를 잔혹하게 탄압했다. 표면적으로 서구화와 근대화를 추진했지만, 극심한 빈부격차와 정치적 억압은 이란 민중의 분노를 샀다. 이 분노는 결국 25년 후인 1979년 이란 혁명으로 폭발했고, 샤 정권은 붕괴되었다. 혁명 이후 들어선 호메이니의 신정 체제는 극렬한 반미 노선을 택했고, 이는 오늘날까지 이어지는 미-이란 갈등의 원형이 되었다.

3. 평론: 첩보 스릴러로 읽는 외교적 비극

내러티브의 힘과 장르적 재미 스티븐 킨저는 뉴욕타임스 특파원 출신답게 방대한 역사적 자료와 기밀 해제된 문서들을 바탕으로 마치 <첩보 스릴러 소설>을 읽는 듯한 긴박감 넘치는 서사를 구축했다. 커밋 루즈벨트가 테헤란의 어두운 지하실에서 공작을 꾸미는 장면이나, 긴박하게 돌아가는 쿠데타 당일의 묘사는 독자를 강력하게 흡입한다. 딱딱한 역사서가 아니라, 살아있는 인물들의 드라마로 역사를 재구성한 점은 이 책의 가장 큰 미덕이다.

미국 외교 정책에 대한 통렬한 비판 이 책의 핵심 메시지는 미국의 단기적인 이익 추구(석유 확보와 냉전 승리)가 장기적으로 얼마나 재앙적인 결과를 초래했는가에 대한 고발이다. 킨저는 미국이 이란에서 민주주의를 짓밟음으로써, 중동 사람들에게 미국이 자유의 수호자가 아니라 <위선적인 제국주의자>라는 인식을 심어주었다고 비판한다. 만약 미국이 모사데크의 민주 정부를 지지했다면, 오늘날의 중동은 이슬람 원리주의가 아닌 세속적 민주주의가 꽃피는 지역이 되었을지도 모른다는 <역사적 가정(What if)>은 독자에게 깊은 아쉬움과 성찰을 안겨준다.

모사데크라는 인물의 재조명 서구 언론에 의해 기괴하고 표리부동한 인물로 묘사되었던 모사데크를, 킨저는 이란의 주권과 헌법을 수호하려 했던 고결한 애국자로 복권시킨다. 그는 잠옷 바람으로 외교관을 맞이하는 등의 기행을 일삼았지만, 이는 약소국의 지도자가 강대국을 상대하기 위해 계산된 고도의 정치적 퍼포먼스였음을 저자는 짚어낸다. 모사데크의 비극은 그가 너무 시대를 앞서갔거나, 혹은 지정학적 비정함을 너무 순진하게 믿었던 데서 기인한다.

한계점: 미국 중심적 시각의 잔재? 비록 이 책이 미국의 개입을 비판하고 있지만, 역설적으로 모든 사건의 원인을 미국의 CIA 공작으로만 귀결시키는 경향이 있다. 이란 내부의 복잡한 정치 지형, 종교 세력(아야톨라 카샤니 등)의 배신, 모사데크 자신의 정치적 실책 등이 쿠데타 성공에 미친 영향이 다소 축소되어 있다는 지적도 가능하다. 그러나 이러한 한계에도 불구하고, 외부 세력의 개입이 결정적 트리거였다는 팩트 자체는 흔들리지 않는다.

4. 결론: 역사는 반복되는가

<All the Shah's Men>은 단순히 지나간 과거의 기록이 아니다. 이는 강대국이 약소국의 운명을 좌지우지하려 할 때 발생하는 <의도치 않은 결과(Blowback)>에 대한 영원한 경고장이다. 1953년 테헤란의 거리는 2003년의 바그다드, 그리고 오늘날의 중동 정세와 보이지 않는 선으로 연결되어 있다. 민주주의는 외부에서 이식하거나 강요할 수 있는 것이 아니며, 정보기관의 비밀 공작으로 역사의 물줄기를 인위적으로 돌리려 할 때 그 대가는 반드시 돌아온다는 교훈을 이 책은 묵직하게 던져준다. 현대 중동 문제의 근원을 이해하고자 하는 사람에게 이 책은 반드시 거쳐야 할 입문서이자 필독서다.


제가 드릴 수 있는 다음 단계

이 책의 내용과 관련하여 더 깊이 알아보고 싶으신 부분이 있으신가요?

  • 인물 탐구: 주인공인 <모하마드 모사데크>나 CIA 요원 <커밋 루즈벨트>에 대해 더 자세한 일화가 궁금하신가요?

  • 역사적 연결: 이 사건이 1979년 이란 혁명으로 구체적으로 어떻게 이어졌는지, 그 인과관계에 대한 추가 설명이 필요하신가요?

  • 유사 도서 추천: 중동의 현대사나 미국의 대외 개입을 다룬 다른 훌륭한 논픽션을 추천해 드릴까요?

원하시는 방향을 말씀해 주시면 이어서 도움을 드리겠습니다.

==


==

<한국어 | 요약+평론 (약 1,000단어)>

스티븐 킨저의 <All the Shah’s Men>은 1953년 이란에서 일어난 모사데그(Mohammad Mossadegh) 축출과 샤(Mohammad Reza Pahlavi) 복귀 과정을, 미국(CIA)과 영국(MI6)의 개입—흔히 “아작스 작전(Operation Ajax)”으로 알려진—을 중심으로 서사적으로 재구성한 책이다. 킨저의 핵심 주장은 간명하다. 1953년의 쿠데타가 이란의 민주주의적 가능성을 꺾고 권위주의적 왕정과 비밀경찰 체제를 강화했으며, 그 장기적 후과가 1979년 이슬람 혁명과 이후 중동에서 확산된 강경한 반미 정서·폭력적 정치운동의 토양을 만들었다는 것이다. 제목의 부제(“미국 쿠데타와 중동 테러의 뿌리”)는 바로 이 장기 인과를 독자에게 정면으로 제시한다.

<내용 요약>
책의 전반부는 모사데그의 부상과 석유 국유화를 둘러싼 갈등을 다룬다. 이란 의회와 여론의 지지를 받은 모사데그는 영국이 지배하던 석유 이권(당시 앵글로–이란 석유회사)을 문제 삼으며 국유화를 추진했고, 영국은 경제봉쇄와 외교전으로 맞섰다. 킨저는 이 시기를 “주권 회복”이라는 관점에서 조명하며, 모사데그를 대중정치의 상징이자 반식민적 민족주의 지도자로 묘사한다.

후반부는 쿠데타 기획과 실행의 디테일에 집중한다. 책은 CIA 현장 책임자(대표적으로 커밋 루스벨트)를 비롯한 작전 네트워크가 어떻게 언론·정치인·종교권력·거리 동원(시위, 폭동 조장) 등을 결합해 정국을 뒤집었는지를 드라마처럼 풀어낸다. 초기 시도가 실패해 샤가 잠시 국외로 피신했다가, 재차 동원과 공작이 성공하며 모사데그가 체포·실각하고 샤가 복귀하는 과정이 클라이맥스다. 이어서 샤 체제가 미국의 지원 아래 안정화되고, 비밀경찰(SAVAK)과 탄압이 강화되며, 세속 민족주의와 좌파·자유주의 세력이 약화되는 구조가 설명된다. 마지막으로 킨저는 이 억압적 근대화(개혁과 탄압의 결합)가 이슬람주의 세력의 도덕적·정치적 정당성을 키웠고, 혁명 이후 미국에 대한 깊은 불신과 적대가 ‘정치적 상식’으로 굳어졌다고 결론짓는다.

<평론: 강점>
첫째, “쿠데타를 하나의 기술(technology)로서 보여준다”는 점이 이 책의 대중적 힘이다. 외교문서나 학술적 구조분석보다, 구체적 인물·자금·선동·연합 형성·군부 장악 같은 요소가 어떻게 연결되는지를 서사적으로 체감하게 만든다. 독자는 ‘외부 개입이 민주정의 취약성을 어떻게 파고드는가’를 생생히 이해하게 된다.

둘째, 이란 현대사의 중요한 분기점을 “이란 내부의 실패”만으로 환원하지 않고, 국제정치·자원경제·냉전 안보논리의 결합으로 설명한다. 특히 석유 국유화 문제를 단순한 경제 갈등이 아니라 주권과 불평등한 국제질서의 문제로 읽게 하는 데 성공한다. 이는 동아시아의 기억정치나 주권 문제를 연구하는 독자에게도 비교의 렌즈를 제공한다(강대국의 ‘안정’ 논리와 현지 정치의 ‘정당성’ 논리가 충돌할 때 무엇이 무너지는가).

<평론: 한계와 쟁점>
첫째, 부제가 암시하는 “1953 → 중동 테러”라는 큰 인과는 설득력의 방향은 분명하지만, 설명의 수준에서 다소 과감하다. 1953년이 장기적 반미 정서와 혁명적 동원의 한 원인임은 부정하기 어렵더라도, 이후 수십 년의 지역정치(아랍–이스라엘 전쟁, 걸프전, 아프가니스탄, 사우디–이집트–이라크 등 각국의 국가형성, 종파·계급·세대 요인)를 거치며 폭력적 무장운동이 형성된 다중 경로를 한 줄기로 묶어버리면 복합성이 희생될 수 있다. “뿌리”라는 표현은 상징적으로 강력하지만, 독자에게 단선적 이해를 유도할 위험도 있다.

둘째, 킨저는 모사데그를 상당히 호의적으로, 샤 체제와 외부 개입을 명확히 비판적으로 그린다. 이 도덕적 구도가 책의 추진력을 만들지만, 모사데그 연정의 취약성(정당체계, 군부·종교권력과의 긴장, 경제 운영의 난점)이나 이란 사회 내부의 분열을 상대적으로 약하게 다루는 대목들이 있다. 즉, “외부가 모든 것을 망쳤다”가 아니라 “외부가 취약한 균열을 결정적으로 증폭시켰다”라는 형태로 읽을 때 더 정확해진다.

셋째, 학술서라기보다 ‘역사 저널리즘/대중 역사’ 성격이 강하다. 서사의 속도와 메시지가 강한 대신, 자료비판(증언의 신뢰도 비교, 문서 간 충돌 처리, 수치·연표의 촘촘한 검증)은 전문 연구서보다 덜 엄격하게 느껴질 수 있다. 따라서 이 책은 “입문서로서의 문제의식”에는 탁월하지만, 연구를 위해서는 이후 학술 연구(미·영 문서 공개 이후의 재해석, 이란 국내 자료, 경제사·사회사 관점)를 병행하는 것이 좋다.

<종합 평가>
<All the Shah’s Men>은 1953년 쿠데타를 “과거 사건”이 아니라 “현재를 규정하는 기억”으로 되살려, 미국 외교의 역설—단기적 안정 추구가 장기적 정당성 붕괴를 낳을 수 있다는—을 강렬하게 제시한다. 중동을 단순히 종교·문화 문제로 설명하는 상투적 프레임을 넘어, 자원·주권·냉전 전략이 어떻게 현지 정치의 궤적을 바꿨는지 이해하게 해주는 점에서 여전히 읽을 가치가 크다. 다만 부제가 제시하는 거대한 인과의 호소력에 끌려가기보다, ‘필수적인 한 원인’으로 위치시키며 다원적 경로를 함께 보는 읽기가 가장 생산적이다.

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<English | Summary + Critique>

Stephen Kinzer’s <All the Shah’s Men> retells the 1953 overthrow of Iran’s Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh and the restoration of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, emphasizing the covert role of the CIA and Britain’s MI6 (often associated with “Operation Ajax”). Kinzer’s central claim is straightforward: the coup derailed Iran’s democratic trajectory, strengthened an authoritarian monarchy and security apparatus, and helped seed long-term anti-American resentment that later shaped the 1979 Revolution and parts of the region’s subsequent militant politics. The subtitle—linking the coup to the “roots of Middle East terror”—signals Kinzer’s intention to frame 1953 as a pivotal origin story for later blowback.

<What the book covers> Kinzer begins with Mossadegh’s rise and the nationalization of Iran’s oil industry, portraying it as a sovereignty-driven challenge to British dominance via the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company. Britain’s response—economic pressure and diplomatic maneuvering—sets the stage for Washington’s growing involvement, increasingly justified through Cold War anxieties.

The narrative then pivots into the mechanics of regime change: propaganda, political bribery, elite bargaining, and street mobilization, with a particular focus on CIA operatives such as Kermit Roosevelt Jr. Kinzer describes an initial failure (with the Shah briefly fleeing) followed by a second, successful push that toppled Mossadegh. The aftermath is crucial: the Shah’s consolidation, the strengthening of the security state (SAVAK), and a political environment in which secular nationalists and leftists were suppressed—conditions Kinzer argues made religious opposition more potent and ultimately revolutionary.

<Strengths> The book’s biggest strength is its clarity. It translates “coup-making” into a tangible set of tools—media manipulation, coalition-building, inducements, intimidation, and strategic ambiguity—so readers grasp how external intervention can exploit internal fractures. It’s also effective at re-centering oil, sovereignty, and Cold War strategy as structural drivers, pushing back against simplistic cultural explanations for Iranian anti-Western politics. <Limitations and cautions> Kinzer’s framing is powerful but can feel sweeping. Treating 1953 as a root cause of later “terror” risks compressing decades of diverse regional trajectories into a single causal line. The coup plausibly contributed to durable mistrust and radicalization in Iran’s political imagination, but militant movements across the Middle East emerged through multiple pathways shaped by distinct national histories, wars, state-building projects, and social cleavages.

The storytelling is morally legible—Mossadegh as democratic nationalist, the Shah and foreign intelligence services as subverters—which is compelling but sometimes underplays Mossadegh’s domestic constraints and the complexity of Iranian political coalitions. Finally, it’s written as narrative history rather than an academic monograph: it excels as a gateway text and as a provocation, but readers doing research should pair it with later scholarly work that triangulates declassified documents, Iranian sources, and political-economy analysis.

<Overall> <All the Shah’s Men> remains influential because it reframes 1953 not as a footnote but as a formative memory shaping legitimacy and grievance. Read at its best, it’s less a single-cause explanation than a cautionary case study in how short-term “stability” strategies can erode long-term political legitimacy—and how those losses can echo for generations.
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