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4.5 4.5 out of 5 stars (228)
A powerful history that shows anti-Judaism to be a central way of thinking in the Western tradition.
This incisive history upends the complacency that confines anti-Judaism to the ideological extremes in the Western tradition. With deep learning and elegance, David Nirenberg shows how foundational anti-Judaism is to the history of the West. Questions of how we are Jewish and, more critically, how and why we are not have been churning within the Western imagination throughout its history. Ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans; Christians and Muslims of every period; even the secularists of modernity have used Judaism in constructing their visions of the world. The thrust of this tradition construes Judaism as an opposition, a danger often from within, to be criticized, attacked, and eliminated. The intersections of these ideas with the world of power--the Roman destruction of the Second Temple, the Spanish Inquisition, the German Holocaust--are well known. The ways of thought underlying these tragedies can be found at the very foundation of Western history.
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Falstaff
5.0 out of 5 stars A fondamental aspect of western culture
Reviewed in France on 23 June 2016
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Very interesting history of a tradition of though which is permeating western culture. Gives a good understanding of why anti-judaism still strives in our open minded societies.
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N. Warszawski
5.0 out of 5 stars Wichtiges Wissen!
Reviewed in Germany on 24 March 2013
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Endlich ist es gelungen, den Beginn des Antisemitismus zu erklären. Alte und moderne Ursachen des Antisemitismus sind nicht aufgezählt, da unzählbar.
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Pip Waller
5.0 out of 5 stars excellent and important book
Reviewed in the United Kingdom on 25 May 2016
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This is an excellent book, though I confess I found it difficult reading as it is an academic book and I don't find that style easy to follow. However the ideas are very important so I have ploughed through it and am now digesting it. I originally got it from the library, but it was taking me so long to read I bought a copy!
I want David Nirenberg - or someone else! - to write a popular, plain English version of this book. At a time like now when anti-Semitism is horribly on the rise (Too many people are deluded into believing nonsense like the 'Zionist conspiracy' theory; holocaust denial is on the rise, attacks on jews, verbal and physical, are much too common. and yet there is still a denial amongst many people that anti-Semitism exists.), and there is all sorts of hatemongering of one group or another, all of which are increased by the existence of anti-Semitism which was almost the blueprint for such oppression and lies in the modern world, we all need to keep a clear head and really try to understand how the scapegoating of the Jewish people has actually nothing to do with actual Jews but is rather to do with an accumulation of misinformation that has gathered momemetum over milleniums - Jews were picked as a scapegoat to distract people from other issues, and this is happening to this day.
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Joseph Myren
5.0 out of 5 stars AWESOME
Reviewed in Canada on 8 June 2024
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AWESOME
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UBG
5.0 out of 5 stars Incredible Book
Reviewed in the United States on 23 February 2013
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What an incredible work of scholarship!
A brilliant analysis of the fear/hatred that never sleeps, that is
always old and always new. That can never stop re-inventing itself because
differentiation from the Jew and his Judaism has been essential to the self-identification
and ultimately the self-worth of so many cultures.
Hatred and fear of the Jew and his thought has been and still is fundamental to the West and to Islam.
Its most current permutation is to be found in the obsessive demonization of Israel and Zionism.
Who are these people and how did they get to be so...essential...to
the identities of so many? What a mystery.
Nirenberg has done some very hard thinking here. Well done !!!
I really dig this book!
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Rosenberg Beatrice
4.0 out of 5 stars Article by Michael Walser enthusiastic about “Anti-Judaism” by David Nirenberg
Reviewed in France on 4 May 2014
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An article by Michael Walser in the New York Review of Books
A possible recommendation to Jews and Christians interested in the Hbistoire of their quasi-theological and social relations.
The debate on Israel is not addressed what Michael Walser remarked, saying it is necessary in relation to the role of anti-Judaism and anti-Semitism in anti-Zionism:
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Rachel Haliva
5.0 out of 5 stars Five Stars
Reviewed in Canada on 30 May 2015
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good item fast shipping. thanks
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Amiel Piwko
3.0 out of 5 stars Anti Judaism by David Nirenberg
Reviewed in Germany on 17 October 2014
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One understands very well what the author wants to tell the inclined reader. Some passages often seemed to me a bit long winded, and I had the need to skip some pages to start a new chapter. I can only recommend the book to
readers who are interested in the historical emergence of anti-Semitism that is still rampant today.
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JackAmazon1
5.0 out of 5 stars Exhaustive, shocking and direly needed
Reviewed in the United Kingdom on 20 May 2014
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This book isn't just for those interested in racism, religious conflict or the history of the Jewish people. The most profitable findings of this books can be found in its examination of the contexts in which anti-Jewish and anti-Judaic hatred festered from antiquity to the modern era. Its uses extend far beyond matters relating to Jewish-Christian and Jewish-Islamic relations. One thing you may be surprised to learn quickly from this book is just how bizarre some of the beliefs of the Church Fathers were with regards to their adoption (one may say hijacking) of the Hebrew Bible 'Old Testament' and Ancient Greek philosophy. It might be a bit too far to call them deluded - but then again, claiming that Moses traveled to Athens, influenced Aristotle and that both of them were 'really' Christians the whole time without knowing it is fairly batty. Shameful episodes in the history of the early Church - the burning of synagogues, the massacre of Jews and the seizure of their property - show that it wasn't just the economic conditions of the Middle Ages which established violent antipathy between the rival children of Abraham. Anti-Jewish hatred is shown to be embedded deep within the Christian scriptures and the earliest literary works and correspondence of the pre-Constantine church, with matters only getting worse for the Jews after the Christianisation of the Roman Empire.
I recommend this book to anybody interested even remotely in Jewish history and especially to those more broadly concerned with the cruel and irrational nature of humans divided in groups. It should be mandatory reading for anyone even thinking of going out and proselytizing to Jews about the "Good News" of Jesus - you'll be quick to learn that for the past two millennia, this news has really been 'anything but'.
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at
5.0 out of 5 stars It's helpful to see how the three diverge rather than to be simply caught up in how their similar which is to a great extent wha
Reviewed in the United States on 17 September 2014
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Very scholarly, gives the background for the anti-Jewish attitude through the centuries. Prepares us now to tackle the issue of the conflict over the ideas. The careful documentation and notes is exceedingly helpful for further study and consideration and discussion
By the way he ranges widely making use of various sources including Shakespeare, it helps them thinking how the subject is involved in all of our civilizations struggles which are related to the three major religious systems of belief. It's helpful to see how the three diverge rather than to be simply caught up in how their similar which is to a great extent what is frequently offered, and what people would like to believe rather than what the reality is Nierenberg carefully presents its and with great documentation.
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Milton Verskin
5.0 out of 5 stars Well worth reading
Reviewed in Canada on 16 September 2014
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Clear, readable, informative, pursuasive.
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Eric Gross
4.0 out of 5 stars The Tragic Continuity of Ideas and a People Trapped by those ideas.
Reviewed in the United States on 11 February 2017
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First things first, this book is not easy reading. Nirenberg writes in the tradition of literary criticism firmly embedded in an approach that is thoroughly academic. Reading book is work. It demands a great deal of attention and intelligence from the reader. Clearly Niremberg understands that he is writing an "important" tome on a very serious subject. So if you get through the deep complexity of his approach, you will be rich rewarded. This book is a narrative of how ideas about Jews have sustained a very long and agonizing history of anti-judaism. The author painstakingly seeks to connect these ideas to the actual "real" events of history and I believe that he does this in a way that is profoundly compelling. The ideas that he explores continue to affect my own lived experience as a Jew and as someone perceived as a Jew. For me, this is a profoundly tragic history and understanding it from my own perspective is singularly sad and even a little frightening. He describes a people trapped by ideas that single them out as not deserving freedom or even life itself and if this isn't a viewpoint filled with tragedy and horror, then I don't what is!
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susannah
4.0 out of 5 stars Awesome
Reviewed in the United Kingdom on 26 August 2013
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Being a rather large book (600+ pages) I bought the Kindle version, so I happened to take it with me on a long plane journey.
So as it was there, I thought I'd make a start, read maybe 30 pages, then move on to something more relaxing.
Well, I read this throughout the plane journey, and carried on reading it in my spare time throughout my trip and on the way home too.
It's totally gripping. I'd plan to read to the end of the chapter, then I'd see the enticing heading / first paragraphs of the next chapter and on I'd go...
I've read a lot about (some eras of) Jewish & Middle East history but this beats the lot. ..the scope, the angle he takes, the relaxed writing style. Some of the historical ages I know little about, but even on the eras that I thought I did know a bit about, he still manages to open my eyes just a little bit wider.
It's a book of history. It's not making any political points that I can see, and all the better for that. You can read, learn and be wiser and hopefully more enlightened for reading it.
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Mark
5.0 out of 5 stars Got exactly what i wanted.
Reviewed in the United States on 20 November 2025
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I ordered. Received quickly what i ordered. The book is in excellent condition, like new, and I a very pleased.
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KaS
1.0 out of 5 stars A biased look at history
Reviewed in Canada on 9 September 2025
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What a waste of time and money. Not a scholarly work at all. Selecting from history what supports his arguments and neglecting the real causes of the events. What a shame! One star was given just to be able to review it. If you want a distorted version of history buy it.
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Cheryl Rives
5.0 out of 5 stars COMPLEX, COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF THE LONG HISTORY OF HATRED OF JUDAISM FROM ANCIENT TIMES TO PRESENT DAY
Reviewed in the United States on 30 April 2013
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FASCINATING, HEART-BREAKING HISTORY OF LONG AND DEEP-ROOTED HATRED OF JUDAISM. DIFFICULT TO FOLLOW ALL OF AUTHOR'S COMPLEX IDEAS, AS WELL AS, THE HISTORICAL EVENTS. AUTHOR'S WRITING STYLE COULD BE SIMPLIFIED FOR AVERAGE READER. I WOULD LIKE TO HAVE FEED BACK FROM OTHERS WHO HAVE READ THIS BOOK, AND I WOULD ALSO LOVE TO HAVE A STUDY GUIDE, Q & A, DISCUSSION GUIDE FOR EACH CHAPTER, ETC. THERE IS JUST SO MUCH INFORMATION TO ABSORB. THIS BOOK COULD BE MODIFIED INTO A TEXTBOOK FOR ANTI-JUDAISM, AND IT COULD BE TAUGHT AS AN ON-LINE COURSE.
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gad levy
4.0 out of 5 stars a book with history as its foundation
Reviewed in the United Kingdom on 10 August 2013
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comprensive approach, map the history of anti-judaism in western thought from its earlier historically verifiable sources .
Important book in todays world on increasing antisemetic intolerance
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Bill Anderson
5.0 out of 5 stars The Power of Words
Reviewed in the United States on 7 January 2019
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For everyone seeking to understand Judaism in the modern world, this book is a must read. Whether the reference is to real Jews or virtual Jews, Jews and Judaism continue to be referred to in a negative context. From the ancient Egyptians, to the Greeks, Christianity, Islam, Enlightenment, Reformation and Modernity, there is a continuous anti-Jewish thread. Nuremberg documents that thread with an extensive list of references. The notes in themselves are important reading. Will any Western philosophy be able to express its ideals without reference to the Jews?
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KL
2.0 out of 5 stars Tremendously researched with forensic details but flawed with insular myopic tunnel vision.
Reviewed in the United Kingdom on 3 October 2021
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Christopher Smith of King's College London notices that Anti-Judaism represents, "the culmination of a career volte-face in respects to Nirenberg's methodological approach. His 1996 work Communities of Violence: Persecution of Minorities in the Middle Ages rejected a longue duree history of anti-Semitism." Whereas, "in Anti-Judaism, Nirenberg allows for a continuation of trends in the development of a shared concept of anti-Judaism built on and progressed over" a period of three thousand years.
Holocaust survivor Professor Israel Shahak's :The Weight of Three Thousand Years provides a more objective and nuanced perspective of persecution of Jewish people.
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Barry Robson
3.0 out of 5 stars Three Stars
Reviewed in the United Kingdom on 2 May 2018
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A lot more demanding intellectually than I thought.
Obviously aimed at Uni students
Worth ploughing through though
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Thomas Artin
5.0 out of 5 stars A Deep and Comprehensive Book
Reviewed in the United States on 16 April 2014
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In distinguishing "anti-Judaism" from "anti-Semitism," Nirenberg offers an entirely new and comprehensive understanding of the relations between Jews and the larger communities of which they have been (and not been) a part. The book synthesizes the many varieties of hostility both to Jews as human beings and to the ethos of Judaism. Though stylistically, the book is not always easy reading, it is nonetheless essential reading.
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Dr. Richard Rathbone
1.0 out of 5 stars Surprisingly dull
Reviewed in the United Kingdom on 22 March 2014
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I bought this having read rave review in the NYRB. But I found it much less original and interesting than I had expected. It generally failed the acid tests- "I hadn't thought of that before", "I never new that" and stylistically I found it rather lumpy. Big disappointment.
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armin brott
4.0 out of 5 stars Fascinating and depressing but very valuable
Reviewed in the United States on 4 December 2022
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This book is a super deep dive into the 3000-year history of antisemitism and the many way that dozens of cultures have created a world in which everything that's wrong can be blamed on Jews, Judaism, or Israel. I learned a huge amount but was left with a feeling of anger and hopelessness, that there's nothing anyone can do to change things.
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David Roemer
1.0 out of 5 stars The Cause of the Holocaust
Reviewed in the United States on 22 March 2014
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I will comment on five quotes from this book that might cause someone to lose their faith in Jesus.
Quote No. 1. "Christians resorted ever more systematically to a logic that treated the relative "Jewishness" of a teaching as the best test of its truth or falsity. "Jews" multiplied as negative types in Christian writing, and the living Jew (as opposed to the prophets of the past) became in the Christian theological imagination the enemy of the Christian." (location 1562)
The author is implying that Christianity caused anti-Semitism. The following quote from the The Origins of the Inquisition in Fifteenth-Century Spain by Benzion Netanyahu says that anti-Semitism caused Christianity:
"Christian theology did not create or initiate the hatred of the Jews that saturates its teachings--it was, on the contrary, created and shaped by it. The instinct of hatred was simply hardened into a doctrine that constituted the foundation of the new religious edifice." (page 22)
Quote No. 2. "Despite Augustine's retrospective enthusiasms, these philosophical ideas are not obviously compatible with Judaism or Christianity." (location 1626)
The "philosophical ideas" referred to are a metaphysical idea and a theological idea. The metaphysical idea is that God is an infinite and immutable being and therefore would have no motive for creating the universe of finite beings. This is indeed a mystery because the only thing that could motivate God to do anything is self-love. Finite beings exist because God loved Himself as giving. But God could just as well love Himself without giving. Hence, the existence of finite beings is a mystery. To his credit, the author uses the word obviously to modify compatible.
The theological idea is that God would not inspire Western prophets and Eastern mystics to say our purpose is life is to serve Him in this world in order to be with Him in the world to come. There are two kinds of knowledge: faith and reason. In reason, we know something is true because we can see the truth of it. In faith, we know something is true because God is telling us. Faith is both a decision and a gift from God. Christians are summoning people to believe in God and are giving their reasons. But it is not a demand. It is wrong to criticize the judgment of someone who does not have the gift of faith.
Quote No. 3. "If Jesus suffered as a man, could he also be a god?" (location 1635)
We can comprehend what Jesus suffered, but we can't define or explicate what human suffering is. A human being is an indefinability that becomes conscious of its own existence. Humans are embodied spirits. One can expresses this in metaphysical terms by saying the human soul is spiritual. Since other human beings exist, humans are finite beings and a composition of two metaphysical principles: essence and existence. An infinite being is a pure act of existence without a limiting essence. The infinite being is called God in the Western religions.
I understand the Christian doctrine of the Incarnation as being subordinate to the doctrine of the Trinity. When human beings communicate with one another the communication is imperfect. This can't be true of an infinite being. God communicates with us in three different ways: by creating us and keeping us in existence (the Father), by answering our prayers (the Holy Spirit), by giving us Jesus (the Son).
Quote No. 4. "The synagogue 'began to be burnt by the judgment of God.' Behind this judgment stood the entire church. The bishop and his monks were but the instruments of God's justice, their violence a proclamation of his sovereignty, for insofar as the synagogue represented an exceptional space outside the law of Christ, its existence diminished that sovereignty." (location 2023)
The quotation is from Saint Ambrose, the Bishop of Milan, who was criticizing Emperor Theodosius for defending the legal rights of Jewish people in the Mesopotamian city of Callinicum in 388 AD. On page 316, there is a reference to the excommunication of Theodosius by Saint Ambrose, but this was for the massacre at Thessalonica in 390, another Macedonian city.
Theodosius ordered the massacre in a fit of anger when a riot over a false arrest caused the death of an officer in the Roman army. Theodosius's Gothic troops surrounded an amphitheater, filled because of a circus, and killed a predetermined number of the hapless spectators. In addition to the hooligans rounded up and executed by the local authorities after the riot, seven thousand were killed in the amphitheater, it was said. After performing public penance for eight months, Theodosius humbly went to Ambrose for the sacrament of Holy Communion.
To summarize, the Catholic Church caused the Emperor to repent by threatening eternal damnation and used force and violence to suppress Judaism. The author refers to "God's justice," but there is no other kind of justice. The alternative to believing in God's justice is thinking that human beings have rights because they are human beings. An example of someone who thinks this is Nick Machiavelli who was the first to justify immoral acts for "reasons of state." It is quotes like this that gave the devil the nickname "Old Nick":
"From this it may be concluded that men should either be caressed or exterminated, because they can avenge light injuries, but not severe ones. The damage done to a man should be such that there is no fear of vengeance." (Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince and Other Writings (Barnes & Noble Classics) by Allan H. Gilbert, New York: Hendricks House, 1964, p.99)
Quote No. 5. "In short, I do not believe that the history of thought I have attempted to sketch in these pages determined why Germany moved from anti-Semitism to genocide....But I do believe the Holocaust was inconceivable and unexplainable without that deep history of thought." (location 7893)
Referring to the horrors of the French Revolution, the author asks in italics, "Could the triumph of reason unleash even greater barbarism that what had come before?" (location 6481). The answer of course is yes, as the author knows very well. But the author does not blame the ideas that produced the French Revolution. The author thinks that the triumph of reason over faith was a good thing. My guess is that the author admires Machiavelli and Darwin, who said human beings evolved from animals, but does not admire Saint Ambrose.
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Brian A. Bergman
4.0 out of 5 stars A very good and detailed book about Christianity and Islam's struggle to ...
Reviewed in the United States on 24 November 2016
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A very good and detailed book about Christianity and Islam's struggle to incorporate old testament wisdom into each respective religion while still denigrating Jews. The tactic often used is to paint the picture that Jews are vulgar, debased and too concerned with secular and practical matters while Christian were spiritual. The book begins BC in Egypt and progresses up until the present era incorporating the views of famous theologians in the early parts of the books and philosophers in the later portions of the text. The book is well written but still difficult to read. However, it is worth it as each chapter is an important lesson.
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Lance Sterling
4.0 out of 5 stars A fascinating ,scholarly take on the "Jew" in western intellecttual history
Reviewed in the United States on 16 May 2014
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A very enjoyable read. Despite how much you know amout the history of antisemitism, Nirenbergs review of the uses of the concept of the "Jew" from ancient Egypt to modern Europe will surprise you and give an entirely new perspective on the subject . It is a bit dense, particularly in the chapters on 18th and 19th century philosophical thought, but worth the effort. My only complaint is that it seems to end abruptly. I expected a final chapter on the denouement in Germany in the thirties but, as the author states, this is not a book amout the holocaust. Highly recommended.
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Michael Burke
5.0 out of 5 stars shifting age-old mind-sets
Reviewed in the United States on 9 July 2014
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This is a mind-changing book. Its not about anti-semitism, its about the "necessity" for intelligent societies to have a scape-goat septic tank of antipathy into which they pour ALL of their adversaries under a simple easy to remember title, in this case "Anti -judaism" is the paradigm.
Theres a French proverb " A man who wants to kill his dog accuses it, first, of having rabies".
It is not, for instance,about what a political party is, but for what our imaginations need it to represent, in order to "feel good" about our choices. Bravo Nirenberg for writing a book which just might help slow down amongst its readers the conditioned reflexes of of prejudice which surround all us.
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Stephen R. Kowarsky
5.0 out of 5 stars A Revelation
Reviewed in the United States on 30 October 2017
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Nirenberg makes a strong, evidence-based case by observing and explaining the abundance of anti-Judaism ideas in many key streams of western thought. How long this has existed, how deep it goes, and how shockingly dehumanizing it has long been - these discoveries await the sensitive reader and help to put the pivotal event of the Shoah in a much larger context and tradition. I think it is very important to understand these things, although I’m not sure this awareness teaches us what to do about it. Given the nature of confirmation bias, this book may not fundamentally change many minds. But it can deepen some of them, and that has its value.
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La Rochelle
5.0 out of 5 stars Excellent and profound (and very sad) study
Reviewed in the United States on 5 April 2014
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A must for anyone interested in this aspect of Jewish history. Explains how fantasies, limitless imagination mixed with primordial fears as well cupidity and just plain hatred kills untold millions over the course of more than two thousand years. For what purpose? Initially to instil different fantasies into the simple minds of illiterate heathens, later to control the minds of the multitudes, to stealfrom the Jews in quicky fund raising schemes, eventually to murder them and use their possessions and even make their bodies into useful things. The trajectory is described in amaing detail and depth. Scholarly and readable at the same time. Just very, very sad, that's all.
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parker
4.0 out of 5 stars Anti-Semitism
Reviewed in the United States on 3 April 2022
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In depth probing of antisemitism, "Antijudiasm", starting from the time of ancient Egypt and bringing us to the present. Very dense reading but well worth the effort.
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zelman freeman
5.0 out of 5 stars Getting to the root of how & why, hatred of the Jews occurred.
Reviewed in the United States on 27 December 2013
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A great contribution to understanding the source of those who targeted the Judaic religion by using invented cognitive distortions of its traditions & writings,& which through innumerable variations of the same theme by Christian & Islamic writers, has produced a bogeyman stereotype resulting in recurrent denigration & murderous violence against Jews in addition to the invented derogatory abstract concept, called "Judaism".
Nirenberg's profound scholarship, his widespread use of preserved multilingual historical writings, & the nontendentious nature of his authorship, make this compelling reading for the educated layman & for scholars in this field. Z. Freeman
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Leonard Groopman
5.0 out of 5 stars Important book. Elegantly written. Not to be missed.
Reviewed in the United States on 29 November 2013
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This beautifully written work of deep scholarship and erudition is a book of great importance. There are few contemporary books about which I can say it has opened up new vistas of understanding and added new dimensions of interpretation. Anti-Judaism has altered if not transformed the way I think about and read not only Jewish history, but Western history. It is a must for anyone who wishes to understand European intellectual, political, and cultural history, and in particular, to understand the roots of the catastrophes of the last century.
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Larry Coffey
4.0 out of 5 stars It is not an easy read, have to use the dictionary for several ...
Reviewed in the United States on 28 July 2017
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A thought provoking book. It is history that was never taught in school. It is not an easy read, have to use the dictionary for several words to understand some of the points. This is not a beach read, but should be read by those who like history and a different point of view. It is definitely worth reading.
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M. Schwartz
4.0 out of 5 stars A fascinating but tough read: thoughtful and illuminating regarding ...
Reviewed in the United States on 7 October 2015
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A fascinating but tough read: thoughtful and illuminating regarding the use of "Jew" and "Judaism" as a means of defining thought, action and/or behavior - often and usually for non-jews - often twisted, and sometimes positively but usually negatively. Nuremberg seems to have written as an academic, so pay attention to the footnotes
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EuroGal
2.0 out of 5 stars Not Written Very well
Reviewed in the United States on 9 April 2024
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The content might be interesting but so far it's just not written very well. I thought it might be a bit more like something by Landes or McCullough but it's just very very dry and again, just poorly written.
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J. J. Podolak
4.0 out of 5 stars Sad But True
Reviewed in the United States on 6 May 2014
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I did not realized how the attitudes towards the Jews was so much a part of our Christian culture and is now worming its way into the Post-Christian society.There is no easy solution.
A must read for anyone who is interested in evaluating our culture,
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Roy Friedman
4.0 out of 5 stars It's work, but worth it.
Reviewed in the United States on 16 April 2014
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I've sorta know about a lot of the events Nirenberg has written about, but never as articulately as he presents them. It's a book I'll go back to - if only to review my underlines and scribbled notes.
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patricia del
5.0 out of 5 stars Jewish history
Reviewed in the United States on 17 June 2013
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I read a lot of history books and I wanted to know why the Jews were always treated so poorly as a group. This book answered many of my questions by describing time periods that are relevant to their history. I also questioned why the world allowed what happened in Europe in the 1930's and 40's to be a disgrace to humanity.
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Verlin L Judd
5.0 out of 5 stars Enlightening
Reviewed in the United States on 5 June 2021
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Very well researched and documented. My understanding of the bias and persecution of the Jewish faith has been much enhanced.
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Haley94
5.0 out of 5 stars Fascinating
Reviewed in the United States on 4 January 2019
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Interesting perspective on how we as people use categories to define groups (in this case Jews) in a way that allows us to discriminate or persecute based on projected ideas and ideals that have little to no basis in fact.
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